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| == Positive Rays = =
| | see [[wikipedia:History of mass spectrometry]] |
| | | [[category:miscellaneous]] |
| In [[1886]], [[Eugen Goldstein]] observed a new kind of [[radiation]] that traveled through the channels of a perforated [[cathode]] in a low pressure [[gas discharge]] and moved toward the [[anode]], in the opposite direction to the negatively charged [[cathode rays]]. Goldstein called these positively charged [[anode rays]] "Kanalstrahlen" or canal rays. [[Wilhelm Wien]] found that strong electric or magnetic fields deflected the canal rays and, in [[1899]], constructed a device with parallel electric and magnetic fields that separated the positive rays according to their charge-to-mass ratio (''e/m''). Wien found that the charge-to-mass ratio depended on the nature of the gas in the discharge tube. [[English people|English]] [[scientist]] [[J.J. Thomson]] later improved on the work of [[Wilhelm Wien]] by reducing the pressure to create a mass spectrograph. The processes that more directly gave rise to the modern version of the mass spectrometer were devised by [[Arthur Jeffrey Dempster]] and [[F.W. Aston]] in [[1918]] and [[1919]] respectively.
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| == Timeline ==
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| === 19th Century ===
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| :'''1886''' | |
| ::[[Eugen Goldstein]] observes [[canal rays]].
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| :'''1898'''
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| ::[[Wilhelm Wien]] demonstrates that canal rays can be deflected using strong electric and magnetic fields.
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| === 20th Century ===
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| :'''1905'''
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| ::[[Joseph John Thomson]] begins his study of positive rays.
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| :'''1906'''
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| ::Thomson is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
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| :'''1919'''
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| :: [[Francis Aston]] constructs the first velocity focusing mass spectrograph with mass resolving power of 130.
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| :'''1922'''
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| ::Aston is awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule."
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| :'''1931'''
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| ::[[Ernest O. Lawrence]] invents the [[cyclotron]].
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| :'''1934'''
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| ::[[Josef Mattauch]] and [[Richard Herzog]] develop the double-focusing mass spectrograph.
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| :'''1936'''
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| ::[[Arthur J. Dempster]] develops the spark ionization source.
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| :'''1937'''
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| ::Aston constructs a mass spectrograph with resolving power of 2000.
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| :'''1939'''
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| ::Lawrence receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for the cyclotron.
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| :'''1942'''
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| ::Lawrence develops the [[Calutron]] for [[uranium]] [[isotope separation]].
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| :'''1946'''
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| ::William Stephens presents the concept of a [[time-of-flight]] mass spectrometer.
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| :'''1956'''
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| ::Fred McLafferty proposes a hydrogen transfer reaction that will come to be known as the [[McLafferty rearrangement]].
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| :'''1959'''
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| ::Researchers at [[Dow Chemical]] interface a [[gas chromatograph]] to a mass spectrometer.
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| :'''1966'''
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| ::[[Chemical ionization]] is developed.
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| :'''1968'''
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| ::[[Malcolm Dole]] develops electrospray ionization.
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| :'''1976'''
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| ::Ronald MacFarlane and co-workers develop [[plasma desorption mass spectrometry]].
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| :'''1984'''
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| ::[[John Fenn]] and co-workers use [[electrospray]] to ionize biomolecules.
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| :'''1985'''
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| ::Franz Hillenkamp, Michael Karas and co-workers describe and coin the term [[matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization]] (MALDI). | |
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| :'''1987'''
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| ::[[Koichi Tanaka]] uses the ????????????????????????ultra fine metal plus liquid matrix method?????????????????????? to ionize intact proteins.
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| :'''1989'''
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| ::[[Wolfgang Paul]] receives the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the development of the ion trap technique"
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| === 21st Century ===
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| :'''2002'''
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| ::[[John Fenn]] and [[Koichi Tanaka]] are awarded one-quarter of the Nobel Prize in chemistry each "for the development of soft desorption ionisation methods ... for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules."
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| == See Also ==
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| :*[[Mass spectrometry]]
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| :*[[History_of_chemistry]]
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| :*[[History_of_physics]]
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| ==External Links==
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| :*[http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/ms/history.html Bristol History of Mass Spectrometry]
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| :*[http://masspec.scripps.edu/MSHistory/mshisto.php Scripps History of Mass Spectrometry]
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| ==References==
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| :*[http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0941901319?v=glance Measuring Mass: From Positive Rays to Proteins by Michael A. Grayson (Editor)]
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| [[Category:Mass spectrometry]]
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