ASMS 1984

ASMS Committee on Nomenclature

San Antonio, 1984

The meeting of the Nomenclature Committee was held on May 26, 1984, and it was attended by 10 people including the Chairman. The Chairman gave a brief history of the actions of the Committee since 1979. The history was deduced from reports of the Committee meetings published in the Bound Volumes from 1979 through 1983. It was particularly pointed out that 370 and expressions referring to mass spectrometry have been defined and given in these issues of the Bound Volume, and it may be concluded that the Committee has been very active. It was also deduced from the report of the 1983 meeting of the Committee that action was required at the 1984 meeting on the terms listed on p. 970 of the 1983 Bound Volume under the heading, "Definitions for Consideration" and on the 58 terms given on pp. 904-909 of the 1982 Bound Volume starting with the terms under the heading "Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry."

The Committee voted to accept all of the terms under consideration on p. 970 of the 1983 Bound Volume with the exception of the definition of Preformed Ions, which was deleted as being obvious and unnecessary. A small editorial change was made on Lhe definition for Average Mass. The Chairman regrets that the maker and seconder of the motion on these matters was inadvertently not recorded.

It was moved by J. Yergey and seconded .by J. Hiller not to accept any of the terms referring to Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry given on pp. 904-907 of the 1982 Bound Volume. The motion carried. However, in addition it moved by T. Lehman and seconded by K. Busch that these terms and their definitions be given to the organizers of the conference on secondary ion mass spectrometry going to be held this Fall. The motion carried, and the Chairman asked Dr. Lehman to undertake theaction called for by the motion. He agreed to do this.

In the material received by the Chairman from the previous Chairman was a list of 268 terms relating to computers and computer technology. The correspondence examined by the Chairman seemed to imply that these terms should be considered at the 1984 meeting of the Committee. Consequently they were examined with as much care as was possible given the very large number of terms and the relatively limited time of the meeting. It was moved by H. Fales and seconded by J. Yergey that these terms not be accepted by the Committee. The motion passed unanimously.

It was moved by J. Watson and seconded by J. Yergey that the Chairman bring together all of the terms which have appeared in the Bound Volumes through 1983 (and including those approved at this meeting) to make one . complete list for easy reference by members of ASMS and mass spectrometrists in general. The Chairman agreed to do this, and the resulting list is included as pa.t of this report.

The Committee discussed the question of what should be the future actions of the Committee. In view of the large number of terms already defined, the sense of the meeting was not to consider any new category of terms for the next year. However, the Committee agreed to meet at the next ASMS meeting to consider further activities.

F.H. Field Chairman 6 June 1984

COMBINED LIST OF DEFINED TERMS

ANALYZERS

COMBINED LIST OF DEFINED TERMS ANALYZERS

Electrostatic Analyzer. A velocity focusing device composed of means for producing an electrostatic field perpendicular to the direction of ion travel. Effect is to bring to a common focus all ions of a given kinetic energy. Usually used in combnation with a magnetic analyzer for mass analysis.

N.aimetic Analvzer. A direction focusing device composed of means for producing a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of ion travel. Effect is to bring to a common focus all ions of a given momentum with the same mass to charge ratio.

Quadruoole Analyzer. A mass filter consisting of means of creating a quadrupole field of a constant component and a varying component in such a manner as to allow transmission of only a selected masscharge ratio.

Time of Fli11:ht Analvzer. A device consisting of a means to measure the flight time of particles with an equivalent kinetic energy over a fixed distance.

Wien Analvzer. A velocity filter composed of means for creating crossed homogeneous electric and magnetic fields such that only ions of a fixed velocity are transmitted.

ilass Resonant Analyzer. A mass analyzer composed of means for mass dependent resonant energy transfer and measurementof the resonance frequency, power or ion current of the resonant ions. (The following are standard instrumental configurations utilizing one or more of the above techniques.)

Double Focusin11: Analvzer. The combination of a magnetic analyzer and electrostatic analyzer in either sequence to effect direction and velocity focusing.

Ion Cyclotron Resonance Analyzer. A device to detennine the mass of an ion by measuring its resonant frequency.

Ion Tran Analvzer. A mass resonance analyzer composed of means for creating a three dimensional rotationally symmetric quadrupole field capable of storing ions at selected masses.

i:ass Soectrometer Confi11:urations. Mul tianalyzer instruments should be named for the analyzers in the sequence in which they are traversed by the ion beam, where Bis for a magnetic analyzer, E for an electrostatic analyzer, Q for a quadrupole analyzer, TOF for time of flight analyzer, and ICR for an ion cyclotron resonance analyzer. For example, we have a BE mass spectrometer ("reversed" geometry double focusing instrurnent) 1 BQ mass spectrometer (hybrid sector and quadrupole instrument), EBQ lhigh resolution followed by a quadrupole). Note that a triple quadrupole which has twn mass analyzers is a Q(.I mass spectrometer. Problem: Time of flight, simultaneously or sequentially with other mass analyzers.

Data System

. . .

Ionization Nomenclature

Electron ionization

This is the term used to describe ionization of any species by electrons. The process may, for example, be written

Photo-Ionization by photons.

and

M + e- + M+ + 2eM

0 + e- + M+ + 2e

for atoms or molecules, for radicals.

This is the term generally used to describe ionization of any species The process may, for example, be written

[Note: Electrons and photons do not "impact" ,oolecules or atoms. They interact with them in ways that result in various electronic excitations including ionization. For this reason it is recommended that the terms 'Electron impact' and 'Photon impact' be not used].

Field Ionization This tern relates to the removal of electrons from any species by interaction with a high electrical field.

Field Desorotion This tern is used to describe the fornation of ions in the gas phase from a material deposited on a solid surface (known as an 'emitter') in the presence of a high electrical field. 'Field desorption' is an ambiguous term because it implies that the electric field desorbs a material as an ion from some kind of emitter on which the material is deposited. There is growing evidence that some of the ions formed are due to thermal ionization, some to field ionization of vapor evaporated from material on the emitter. Because there is little or no ionization unless the emitter is heated by an electric current, 'field desorption' is a misnomer. The term is however firmly implanted in the literature and most users (by no means all) understand what is going on regardless of the implications of the term. In addition, no better simple term has been suggested to take its place and so, reluctantly, it is recommended that it be retained.

Chemi-ionization and chemical ionization are two terns which should not be used inter-changeably.

Chemi-ionization refers to a process whereby gaseous molecules are ionized when they interact with other internally excited gaseous molecules or molecular moieties.

Chemical ionization concerns the process whereby new ionized species are formed when gaseous molecules interact with ions. The process may involve transfer of an electron, proton or other charged species to or between the reactants. When a positive ion results from chemical ionization, the tern may be used without qualification. When a negative ion results, the term neBative ion chemical ionization should be used.

Surface Ionization takes place when an atom or molecule is ionized when it interacts with a solid surface. Ionization only occurs when the work function of the surface, the temperature of the surface, and the ionization energy of the atom or molecule have an appropriate relationship.

Thernal Ionization takes place when an atom or ,oolecule interacts with a heated surface or is in a gaseous environment at high temperatures. [Examples of the latter may be a capillary arc plasma, a microwave plasma, or an inductively coupled plasma].

Atmospheric Pressure Ionization is an ambiguous term. In essence, it is used to describe chemical ionization at atmospheric pressure. It is recommended that use of the tern should be discouraged.

Spark (Source) Ionization occurs when a solid sample is vaporized and partially ionized by an internittent electric discharge. Further ionization occurs in the discharge when gaseous atoms and small molecular ,ooieties interact with energetic electrons in the internittent discharge. It is recommended that the word 'source' be dropped from this term.

Auto-ionization occurs when an internally supra excited atom or molecular moiety loses an electron spontaneously without further interaction with an energy source. (The state of the atom or molecular moiety is known as a pre-ionization state).

Associative Ionization occurs when two excited gaseous atoms or molecular moieties interact and the sum of their internal energies is sufficient to produce a single, additive ionic product.

Multi-photon Ionization occurs when an atom or molecule and their concomitant ions have energy states whereby the energy in two or more photons can be absorbed.

Penning Ionization occurs through the interaction of two or more neutral gaseous species at least one of which is internally excited.

CharBe Exchange (Olarge Transfer) Ionization occurs when an ion/atom or ion/molecule reaction takes place in which the charge on the ion is transferred to the neutral species without any dissociation of either.

Ion-Pair Formation involves an ionization process in which a positive fragment ion and a negative fragment ion are the only products.

Ionization Cross Section This is a measure of the probability that a given ionization process will occur when an atom or molecule interacts with an electron or a photon.

Electron Attachment A resonance process whereby an external electron is incorporated into an atomic or molecular orbital of an atom or molecule.

Ionization Energy This is the minimum energy of excitation of an atom, molecule or molecular moiety required to remove an electron in order to produce a positive ion.

Vertical Ionization This is a process whereby an electron is removed from a molecule in its ground or an excited state so rapidly tha.. a positive ion is produced without change in the positions or momenta of the atoms. The resultant ion is often in an excited state.

Adiabatic Ionization A process whereby an electron is removed from the ground state of an atom or molecule producing an ion in its ground state.

Ionization A process which produces an ion from a neutral atom or molecule. Dissociative Ionization An ionization process in which a gaseous molecule decomposes to form products, one of which is an ion.

Ionic Dissociation A decomposition of an ion into another ion of lower formula weight and one or more neutral species.

Ionization Efficiency is the ratio of the number of ions formed to the number of electrons or photons used..

An Ionization Efficiency Curve shows the number of ions produced as a function of the energy of the electrons or photons used to produce ionization.

Laser Ionization occurs when a sample is irradiated with a laser beam. In the irradiation of gaseous samples, ionization occurs via a single- or multi-photon process. In the c,se of ..olid samples, ionization occurs via a thermal process.

..esorption Ionization (DJ). General tenn to encompass the various procedures (secondary 10n mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment, californium fission fragment desorption thennal desorption) in which ions are generated directly from a solid sample by energy input.

Types of Ions

Positive Ion This is an atom, radical, molecule or molecular moiety which has lost one or more electrons thereby retaining an electrically positive charge. The use of the term cation as an alternative is not recommended. The use of mass ion is not recommended.

Negative Ion An atom, radical,molecule or molecular moiety in the vapor phase which has gained one or more electrons thereby acquiring an electrically negative charge. The use of the term anion as an alternative is not recommended.

Vacuum

. . .

TYPES OF IONS

Positimvoer e Ioenle ctrThoniss itsh earne bayt roemt, airnaidnicga al,n emolelcetcruilec aolrl ym poolesictuilaver cmhoairegtey. whicThhe huasse loofs tt hoen e teorrm cation as an alternative is not recommended. The use of mass ion is not recommended. Negatigvaei neIodn one Ano r amtoorme, realdeicctaroln,sm otlheecrueleby o ra cmqouilercinugla arn m eoileecttyr iicn atlhley vnaepgoart ipvhe asceh awrhgei.c h haThs e use of the term.. as an alternative is not recommended. 924 Singlym-o,l ecDoulueb loy-r, moTlreicpully-are tmco.i etCyh awr ..e1dc hI hoan s gThaineesde otre rmloss ta roen ues, etdw to,o tdehsrcerei obre maonr ae teolme, ctrons. The term multiply-cnarged ion is used to refer to ions that have gained or lost more than one electron where the number of electrons lost or gained is not designated. Parenton eIo no r moAnre eolfec wthriiccahl lmay yc hbaer eglede ctmorlicecaulllayr chmoairegteyd , wahnicdh omane yo rd ismosorcei anteeu ttroa lf osrmpe cfireasg. mentA.. parent ion may be a molecular ion or an electrically charged fragment of a molecular ion. Fragmeann t ioIonn may And ieslsoeccitartiec aflulryt chhearr gteo d fdoirsms ooctihaetri oenl epcrtordicucaltl yo f cahnar gioedn icmo flreacgulmearn toatr ioant.o mic Such moieties of successively lower formula weight. (See also Daughter Ion). Daughgteenre Iroanl suAnch ieolnecst rhiacvael lay dicrhaercgte rde lparotdiuocnts hoifp treoa cat pioanr toifc ual apra prrteiccuulrasro rp airoenn ta ndio inn. deeIdn mainvyo rlevlea tfre agtmo ean tunatiiqoune. stfatt ceo oulfd t, hef oprr eecxuarmpsloer iionvno. lve Tah e chraeangcte ioinn nteheed nnuomtb enre cofe sscahrarilgye s carried. Thus, all fragment ions are daughter ions but not all daughter ions are necessarily fragment ions. Rearrapnagreemnte nito Ino, n in Anwh ieclhe cattromicsa lorl y gcrhoaurpgse od fd iastsoomcsi ahtaivoen t prraondsufcetr,r eidn vforlovmi nogn ea p omorlteicounl aorf oar molecule or molecular moiety to another during the fragmentation process. Stable Ion An ion which is not sufficiently excited to0 dissociate into a daughter ion and associated neutral fragment(s) or to react further in any other way. Unstable Ion An ion which is sufficiently excited to dissociate within the ion source. Metasdtaaubglhet eIro ni on Aann di onne uwthriachl sips ecsiuefsf idcuiernitnlgy theex cfiltiegd htto f rdoims stohcei atioen isnotuor cae p taor ttihceu ldaert ector. Trheeg idoinsss oicni aat imoanss issp meocsttro rmeetaedirl. y observed when it takes place in one of the field-free Precursor Ion This term is synonymous with Parent Ion. Product Ion This term is synonymous with ..hter Ion. Molecular Ion An ion formed by the removal (positive ions) or addition (negative ions) of oThnee omars smo rofe etlheics trioonns c forrrome spa omondlse ctuo let hwei tshumou to ff rtahgem emantsasteiso on fo tf hteh moe smtol aecbuunldaarn stt runacttuurraell. y occurring isotopes of the various atoms that make up the molecule (with a correction for tiohne omaf sseetsh yolf. btrhoem idelee, ctCrons lost or gained). For example, the mass of the molecular of the electron (ffie). 2HTh5iBrs iwsil elq bueal 2 xtlo 21 p07lu.9s5 7Sx51l .00u 7-82.l46i pul ubse in7g8 .9t1he83 9u nmiitn uosf tahteo mmaic ss mass based on the standard that the mass of the isotope Ca 12u exactly. Isotonpaitcu Mroallelcyu locacru Irroinn g A imsootleocpuelsa rof itonh ec aotnotmasin tihnagt o nmea koer u mpo trhee o fm otlheec ulleasrs s tabruuncdtaunrte . Thus, for ethyl bromide there exist molecular isotope ions such as 13CCH5Br+ ., C2H4D Br+ c2H581er ., + ., 13c2H58ler+ . etc. Isotopiisco toIpone s ofA nty hieo ne lecmeonnttasi ntinhga to nmae koer u mpo rites o sft ruthcet lurese.s abundant naturally occurring Isototphice allelvye Eln artic whheidc hIo nits occWhuresn itnh en aatbuunrdean anced iosf ian cpoarrptoircualtaerd iins oat omopel eicsu lien ctrheaes tede rmab ove "iissoottooppei. cally enriched ion" is used to describe any ion containing the enriched Dimeric Ion An ion formed either when a chemical species exists in the vapor phase as a dmoimleerc ualned wciatnh ibne tdheet eicotn esdo ausrc es utcho, foorrm w hanen ioa nmo sluecchu laas r [2iMon] can attach to a neutral + molecule. . where M represents the 925 Protofnraotme da nMo lioenc,u leas oAftne in oonc fcourmrse id nb Chy ienmticearlac tion of a molecule with a proton abstracted M . Ionization according to the reaction : 1 XH+ 1 mo ecu e+. MH+ + X. The symbolism [M+HJ. may also be used to represent the protonated r[Neoctoemm e: ndTehde. wideItly s-uugsgeed sttse rman 'parsostoocniaatteiod n moprLodcuuclta ro fi oan' prtoo todne swcirtihbe a t hmoe leMHcu+l iaor..n is no-.-t Adducatn dI oonf tenA nw iitohni fno trmheed iobny isonturecrea,c ttioo nf oormf tawon sipoenc cioenst, aiunsiunagl layl la nt hieo n caonnsdt iat muoelnte cautloe.. s of one species as well as an additional atom or atoms. Clustesrp ecIoines oAfnt eino ni nf oal'lllssoecdi abyt itohn ew ciotmhb ian asteicoonn do sfp tewcoi eosr. morFoe r moelxeacmupllees, o[f( H2a0 c)hemical cluster ion. nHJ+ is a Radicaral diIcoan l. An Thioe n prceosnetnacien inogf athne uond-dp aierleedc treolne ctisr ond enwohtiecdh bisy tphlaucsi nbgo tah adno t ioanlo angnsdi dae ftrehee symbol for the char&e, Thus, C2HG+ . and SF6.. are radical ions. Odd-electron Ion This term is synonymous with Radical Ion. Even-setlaetcet.r on Ion An ion containing no un-paired electrons, for example CH3 in its ground

ION/HJLECULE REACTIONS

Ion/Nereutarcatla ntRe taoc tpiorno duceA epirtohceesrs chwheemirecianl lay dcihfafregreedn ts pescpieecsi esi notre rcahctans gweist hin a thnee utirnatle rnal e(nNBe.r gyT hoef otneerm ori onb/otnheu torfa lth ree arecatcitoann tiss . not ideal, simply because the word neutral is not au nnloiuken.l y tHoo wbee vegre,n eraanlyl ayl atcecrneapttievde)s. such as ion/neutral-species are so clumsy as to seem Ion/Molecule Reaction An ion/neutral reaction in which the neutral species is a molecule. Chargei s Inrveevresrisoedn iRena csitgino.n An ion/neutral reaction wherein the charge on the reactant ion Chargei onT raisn sfterra nsRefearcrteido ni nitAnia ilolyn/ nteo utthrea lr eraecatcatnito nn ewhuterraeli ns ptheec iteost saol cthhaatr geth eo n rtehace traenatc tiaonnt becomes a neutral entity. Partimuall tCihpalryg-ec hTraargnesdf erre aRecatcantti oino n iAns iroend/unceeud.t ral species reaction wherein the charge on a Chargeis Smatrdiep pimnogr e Rpeoascittiiovne . An ion/neutral reaction wherein the charge on the reactant ion Chargew hPeerrmeiun tatthieoren iRse acat cihona ngeT hiins thise ama ggeninteurdael atnermd/ ort os idgens corfi bet haen c hiaorng/neesu torna lt hree raecatcitoan nts. n[Neouttera l: sCpoensciideesr iNn gt hessoem e woofu ltd hbee pcoastseibgloer irseeadc toin onths e obfa siiosn so fM 2t.h, e Waboanved dM"e fwiniitthi oan s as follows M2+ M'" ++ NN ++ MM2+ + N ++ N + e. M" + N + W + N + 2e. ((CPahratrigael scthriaprgpei ngt)r ansfer) (Charge stripping and charge inversion). All are ion/neutral reactions and also charge permutation reactions]. Collisisi ond-isisnoduccieadt edD iassso cai raetsiuoln t ofAn i nitoenr/ancetuitoran l wpitrhoc ae sts arwgheetr enien utthrae l( fsapsetc)i epsr. ojeTchtiisl ei si on ebnreourgghyt inab touhte ibyo n cdounrvienrgs itohne o cfo lplarits ioofn . the translational energy of the ion to internal Collisiiso nbraolu gAhctti vaabotuito nb y Athne iosna/mene umetcrhala npirsomc eass s iwnh ceorelliin seixocni-tiantdiuocen do fdi as so(cfaiastt)i opnr. ojec(tTihlee iioonn may decompose subsequently). 926 Collisrieoancatla nEt xciiotna'tsi oinn ternAnal ieonne/rngeyut raatl tphreo ceexspse nwshee roefi tnh teh etrrea nissl aatni oinnaclr eeanseer giyn o tfh ee it(shleor w) (or both) of the reacting species. The scattering angle may be large. [Note : It is recommended that all three of the above terms should be retained]. Elastiics cShcaantgteerdi, nbgu t Athne ireo ni/sn enu..tr aclh aingntee rian cttihoen t wohtearle tirna nthsel adtiiroencatli eonne rofg ym ootr ioinn toefrn athle enieorn gy of the collision partners. Inelaissti cc haScngaettde, rainndg theA n tiootnal/ nteruatrnasll aitnitoenaralc teineorng yw hoefr eitnh et choel ldiisrieocnt iopna rtonfe rmos tiiosn roedfu ctehde. ion Elastic Collision A collision resulting in elastic scattering. Inelastic Collision A collision resulting in inelastic scattering. Superecloalsltiisci onCo plalritsnieorn is Ai nccroelalsiesdi.o n in which the translational energy of the fast-moving Ionizifnrogm Cotlhle iisoion nan dA/onr itohne/ nneeuuttrarla lr esapcetciioens iinn wthhiec hc oalnli eslieocn.t ronGe orn eerlaelcltyr, ontsh iasr te esrmtr ihpapse d cwohmiceh tot hbee n uesuetdr atlo s dpeesccireisb ei sc oilolniizseido nswi othf fnaos tc hmaongvei ngi ni tohnse wniumthb ear neouft rcahla rsgepse cciaersr iine d bsytr itphpei inogn .o f tChaer ei osnh ohualsd t baek etna pkelna cweh. en this term is used to emphasize if charge Assocnieauttiroanl Resapcetciioens w(ahsesroeciina ttihvee r ecaomctbainnattsi coon)m binThe teo r feoarmct iao ns oinfg lae (siloonwi zlll{edI Visnpge)c iieosn. with a Ion /nethuet rsaulb sEexcqhuaenngte o rRe ascitmiuolnt aneoInu st hliisb erraeatcitoino on fa na dAisfsfoceiraetnito nne uRetarcatli sopne cisi easc caosm pparnoideudc tb. y Translpartoidouncatl iSopnesc ftrroosmc oipoyn /neAu ttreaclh rneiaqcutei toon si. nvestigate the distribution of the velocity of Ion Energy Loss Spectra Spectra that show the loss of translational energy of ions involved in ion/neutral reactions. Impact Parameter The distance of closest approach of two particles if they had continued in their original direction of motion at their original speeds. Interaction Distance The furthest distance of approach of two particles at which it is discernible that they will not pass at the impact parameter. Charge Exchange Reaction This term is synonymous with Charge Transfer Reaction. PartiaRle aChctiaorgn.e Exchange Reaction This term is synonymous with Partial Charge Transfer

SAMPLE INTRODUCTION

Staom ap lmea sInst srpodeuccttrioomne tSeyrs tieomn, souThricse .i s (Saa mspysltee Imn tursoedd utcoti ionnt rSoduce sample Introduction System, Sample Inlet System, Inlet System, an ..sItenmle, t are synonymous terms.) Rreesseerrvvooiirr) ,I nlwietth, prTohviiss iiosn a nt oI envlaectu aS tstem having an enclosed volume (the to the reservoir, and to allow gas ore vtahpeo r rfersoermv otihre, rteose ravdomiirt tsaom pflleo w ttihoronu oghf tah el eRaeks etrov otihre Imnalsest sspheocutlrdo mientcelru dieo na sdoeusrccrei, ptiAo nc oomfp ltehtee mdeetshcoridp by which the sample is introduced into the reservoir, BIantlceht iIsn lperte, ferTrheids ibesc athues eh ai sDtiorreicct teIrmnle fto rPr ao bRee isesr avlosiro aI nfleotrm, oRfe servoir raich m. Batch Gas Inlet or Batch Vapor Inlet is, however, a comple e y descriptive term, 927 uDusaeld aVlitsecrnouast-Fellyo,w eRaecsher hvoaivirn Ig nal elt.e akT htihas t ipsr oavn idiensle vti hsacoviusn gf ltowwo. r esTehrivso irs, isnalmeplte si.s used for making precise comparisons of isotope ratios in two Ctoinntuionuusoluys inItnol eat. maTssh iss piecst aronm eitnelre t iionn sw..huircche ,g aas so rd ivsatpionrgu ipsahsesde sf rcoomn a Reservoir Inlet or a Direct Inlet Probe. Nwohinc-hF rgaacst ifolnoawtsin..r ocme nati nguaosu ss trIenalme t.b einTgh iasn ialsy za edCo nttoi nthueo usm asIsn lsept ecint rometer iionnle sto uorr ceb yw itthheo ucto nadniyti ocnhsa nogfe ifnl otw heth rcooungdhi ttihones ioofn fsloouwr cteh.r ough the wDhiircehc ti-sI nilneste rPtreodbe .i ntoT hitsh e ivsa cau urmo ds hyastveimn go fa as ammaplses hsopledcetrr omaett eorn et hernod,u gh at hvea ciuounm soluorcck,e , plsaoc itnhga tt hteh es asmapmlpel en ecaarn tboe, vaapto rtihzee edn tarfatnecre ionft,r oodru cwtiitohni n tthoe tpher obvae cufruomm saynst eexmt ebryn ahle ats ofurrocme .t he(D iiorne cts oIurnlceet o Prr obbye ,h eDaitr eacpptlied to Iusnet roofd uDcItPi oans P arno baeb obrr evDiiarteicot-nI fnosrer tthioens eP treobrme sa ires snoytn orneycmoommuse ntedremds..) The cVhaacmubumer-,L otchke I cnlheatmb.e r Tihiss p uimsp eadn ionutl,e ta indn aw hviaclh vae issa mopplee nieds sploa ctheadt itnh ae sVaamcpuluem -cLaonc k thInelne bte c oinmmtroondluyc euds etso a thDei rmeacsts- Isnpleectt rPormoebtee rw hiicohn psaoursscees. t hrA ough poones soirb lmeo.r e sliding seals, but other kinds of Vacuum-Lock Inlets are saExmtpelned eodn D iarne cetx-pIonsell t sPurrofbaece. (Tshuicsh parso bae f plraotv isduersf afcoer oirn sae rwtiiroen) oifn tao ((rTahtihse tr ermth ains u sp yntoon tyhmoeu sen twirtahn cDei roefc)t -thExep ioosnu rseo Purrocbee o.f) a mass spectrometer. Ccruupc-isbhlaep eDdi rdeecvti-cIen l(etth eP rcorbuec.i blWei)t hr atthhiesr ptrhoabne ,o nt haen seaxmppolsee di ssu hrefladc ei. n a As peDciirfeicetd-I. nlet Probe is assumed to be a crucible type unless otherwise aG Cm/ya.sSs I snpteecrtfraocmee.t erT hwihsi cihs saenr vienst etrofa pcreo vbiedtew eceonn tai nguaosu csh riontmraotdougcrtaipohn atnod dau mriansgs stpheec tpreormieotde fro ri onwh siocuh rtchee oeff felfufelnute ngta gsa iss f rtoo mb ae agnaasl ychzerdo.m atrograph Dtihree gcta sG Cc ,(!'ir!oSm.a toThgiras pihs p aasns eisn tteor ftahcee imans wsh sipcehc ttrhoem eentteirr ieo enf fsoluurecnet fdruroimn g an analysis, without any splitting of the effluent. Sfprloimt ttehre GgCas/M cShr Inomtae {fraogcrea.p hT hiis s diivsi daend i nbetfeorrfea caed miins swihoinc ht oth teh eef mfalsuse nt gsapse.c trometer, without enrichment of sample with respect to carrier Separator GC/MS Inttrface. This is an interface in which the effluent from the gaschroma ograph is enriched in the ratio of sample to carrier gas. (Setarator, Molecular se6arator, and Enricher are synonymous terms.) A separa ot should generally e de fined as an Effusion Separator a Jet Separator, or a Membrane Separator. whfE ifcuhs icoanr rSeipera rgaatso ri s(o prr effE efruesinotni allnE ryi rcehmeor)v edT fhriso m itsh ea ng aisn teenrtfaecrein ign t he mtharsosu sgph eac trsolmiett)e.r by effusive flow (e.g. through a porous tube or Jet Separator, This is an interface in which carrier gas is preferentially removed by diffusion out of a gas jet flowing from a nozzle. (Jet Separator, Jet-Orifice Separator, Jet Enricher and Jet-Orifice are synonymous terms,) 928 !embrane Separat ;he mass spectromoer.t erW tihthr otuhghis a sesepmari-atpoermr, etabhlee g amsem borr avnea po(er. gpa. sas ess itloi cone 1;eom bcarranreiJe rw ..giasc.h ae(1W.eemcbtirvaenle y Steransmits organic compounds in preference !embrane Separator, and Semi-..earrmaetoarb,l eM Meemmbbrranaen eEn Enrricihcheerr, ..aereml s..yPenrmoneyambolues ;erms.) lolvent -Divert S'.ace which permit sst etemm. poTrhairay siynstteermr uipst iuosne do fi nt hceo nfljouwn ctfiroomn wa itgha sa n interL: ihnroe,m atsoo grthaapht atno ea ffmlauses nts peprcetsreonmte tsetr ab yh iogphe ncionngc ean tvaraltvieo tn o (ua spuumalpliyn g :ioonlvceennttr) adtoieosn . not enter the mass spectrometer ion source at a high ..-;:;-::;;:--""'::::..a=;,;:..;=.:;:.,i;;::..,;=;=;:.=.='--'i'"'-".,.,...=-.:.=..::.::;;-=--..L:C""'-..'..S ..I..n..tre..r..f..a..c

,aa.e. Thie interface

o p an a mass spec rome er which serves rovide continuous introduction to a mass spectrometer ion source of

!h!fel ueefnftl ueisn t tfor bome aa nlailqyzueidd . chromatograph during the period for which the

J .. Interface. With this interface, all or a a..r::r';o a ..beMltM:"": (:--:ri..bbn"'on.. o'T'r T-wi..re--;:),"""'l w..hiqc..uh.. ,--,pac..sseosm atthorgoruagphh itwso coorn tmionrueo uosrliyf iacpepsl,i ed v,iftthe rd iwfhfiecrhe nhteiaat li psum appipnlgi,e di, nttoo trheem omvaes st hsep escotlrvoemnet,t era nvda ctuhumen styos teevma;p orate ihe solute into the ion source. )..iarret cotf Chae mliicqauild I conhriozmatatioognr aInpht eerfffacleue. nt Wpitahs stehsi cso innttienrufoaucsel,y talol t hore a ,nagsesnt spfeocrt rioomneitzeatri, oinn owfh ithceh tshoel ustoel. vent is used as a chemical ionization

CANNING OF SPECTRA

..ss tSop-ecchtraumrg e (mA fsZp)e crtarutiom s obotfa itnheed iwohneinc as pebceiaem s ofc oinotnasi niesd swietpharian teidt . according to the mass( Note : A quadrupole mass spectrometer achieves separation of the various ionic species in this way]. tomentmuomm eSnpteucmt-rutom- chaAr gsep ercattruioms oobft atihnee di onwhiecn sap ebceiaems ocfo nitoanisn eids w sietphairna tietd. according to the t(hNoist e wa: y.A secIft ort hmae igonne tibcea mf ield achieves separation of the various ionic species in sector instruments, separatioins hacocmoogrdeinnego utso int het ram/nzs lartaitioonsa li sen aerlgsoy , acash iiesve dt]he. case with [on Kitno ettihce tErnaenrgsyla tSpieocntarlum e nergAy s-tpoec-tchruamr goeb traatiinoesd wohfe nt hae ibeoamnic o fs pieocnise si cso sntepaairnaetde dw iatchcion rdiitn. g (Note : A radial electric field achieves separation of the various ionic species in this way]. '1agnetic Field Scan The usual method of producing a momentum (mass) spectrum in instruments. ..ccelerating Voltage (High Voltage) Scan An altern ative method of producing a momentum (mass) spectrum in magnetic deflection instruments. This scan can also be used, in conjunction with a fixed radia l electric field to produce an ion kinetic energy spectrum. 929 Linke910d rSec aonf tAh es acnaanl, ysine ra fn iienlsdtsrum aree nstc canompnerdi ssiinmug lttwanoe oours lmoy res o anaasl tyos eprrse, seinrv weh aic phr tewo or determined relationship between parameters characterising these fields. Often, these panaaramelysetresrs iarne whthiceh failetledrn sattrienngg thfise, ldbsu ta rmea ye mapllsooy beed . the frequencies in the case of Linkedi nsSctarnum aent tC oinnscotrpoantr aBt/iEn g aA tl ilneaksetd soncae nma agtn ceotnics tsaenctt Bor/ Epm lauys bonee p eerlfeocrmtriecd osnec at osre. ctorI t isntvroenlgvtehs sEca snimnuiln..ga ntehoeu maslgyn, ehtoilcd siencg ttohre faicecledl-sertarteinnggt hv oBltaangde thV ec oenlesctatnrit,c sseoc atsor t of ieldsathien traaitni ot hoef rtahtei ot woB /fEi aetl da sctornenstgatnhts vwhailcuhe . traThnsimsi tc omansitna-nbte avma liuoen si so f dperteedremtinermed ibnye d mafrassgme:chnatr-igoen r sapteioc;t rumth iesse repqrueisreledec. ted Thmaei fnr-abgemeamn itoatniso na rree atchtei opnrse csuor soobrs ieorvnse dw ohcocsuer in a field-free ..egion traversed before the two sectors scanned in this way. B[N anotde s E: . This term should not be used without prior explanation of the meanings of vaThriee st edurmri n"Bg /tEh lei nsckaedn ].s can" is !!2! recommended. It may suggest that the ratio B/E Linkeid nsSctarun meantt C oinncsot ..otr aEt2i/nVg aAt llieanskte do nsec anel aectt croinc stsaecntto Er 2p/lVu mas oyn be ema pgenreftoircm esde octno ar . sectIto r ienovuosllvye, s ssoc aansn itno ima thien tealienc ttrhei c rsaetcitoo rE 2f/iVe ladt aE canonds tthaen ta vcaclelueer, ateiqunagl v otlot atghee vV asliumeu lotfan this ratio which transmits the main beam of ions through the electric sector. The dmaetgenrmetiince sde mcatsosr: cfhiaerlgde irsa stieot aarte at frainxedsm ivtateldu eb syu cthhe thmaatg nmaet;i n-tbheeasme iponress eolf eac tpedre mainbeam ions are the precursor ions whose fragment-ion spectrum is required. The tfrwaog mseencttaotrsio nsc raenancetdi oinn st shois owbasye.rv ed occur in a field-free region traversed -be-fo-re the E[Na onteds V.: This term should not be used without prior explanation of the meanings of The term "E2 /V linked scan" is !!2! recommended]. Linkedi nsSctarnu maen.. tC oinnsctotrpnotr a8t2i/nVg aAt lleiansketd o nscea nel aectt croinc stsaecntto rB 2p/lEu msa yo nbee mapegrneftoirmec ds eocnto ar . sectIotr itnhev oellveecs throilcd finiea ltdh Ee a scicmeulletraanteionusgl vyo sltoa ages tfoix emadi, ntaanidn s ctahen nriantgi toh eB 2m/aEg anett iac c ofnisetladn tB and value. This constant value corresponds to the ratio of the two fields which transmit amraei n-thbee amfr aiognmesn otf iopnrse dwehtoesrme inperde cumarssosr:-cihoanr ges percattrumio; ist herseeq uiprreeds.e lectThede mafraignm-ebnetaam tiioonn s srecaacntnieodn si nt htuhsi s owbasye.r ved occur in a field-free region traversed -be-fo-re the two sectors B[N aonteds :E . This term should not be used without prior explanation of the meanings of The term "B2 /E linked ,can" is !!2! recommended]. Linked Scan at Constant B[l - (E/Eo)) ! /E A linked scan at constant B[l - (E/E0 )J 1 /E may mabe gpneertfico rmesecdt oonr , a selct tionrv oinlsvtesr uhmoenldti nign ctohrepo aractcienlger aatti lnge avsotl toangee elfeicxterdi, c ansde cstcoarn npilnugs tonhee maBlg[ n-eti(Ec /fEield Band electric field E simultaneously, so as to maintain the quantity 0)]1/& at a constant value. This constant value is equal to 83/E0 , where E0 atnrda nsBmi3ta rmei reisoppesc tiinv etlhye tmhea ine lieocnt-rbieca sme; ctmor field and magnetic sector field required to selected neutral fragment whose precursor i3o nr esprpeescetnrtusm tish e rmeaqsusi re(dm1. - mTh2e) forfa gtmheen tation reactions so observed occur in a field-free region traversed before the two sectors scanned in this way. --- 930 B[,N otE ean : dT hEis term should not be used without prior explanation of the meanings of o , The term."B [l - (E /Eo) ]1 /E linked scan" is !!2! recommended]. Thbee u saebdov. e thAnreye otdheefri nlitinikoensd sarcean mse crealny r eexaadmpillye sb eo dfe tfhinee tdy pines ao sf imliinlkaerd msacnanner t. hat might Fixed1 P.r Maecusrss oSre leJcont ioScna nfso llowed by Ion Kinetic Energy Analysis proIdufc at piornesc ufrosrmor ed(p farroemn ti) t ioinn tish es eflieecltde-fdr, efeo rre egxioampn bleet wbeye an tmhaeg nmeatgince steicct osrec, toarl l and a following electric sector can be identified by scanning an ion kinetic energy spectrum. 2. LBiontkhe do f Stcahne saet lCinoknestda nstc anBs/ E goivre ata sCpoencsttruanmt oEf2 /aVl l product (daughter) ions formed from a preselected precursor (parent) ion. Fixed 1.P roHdiugcht V-Ioolnt aSgcea nScs an. 2. Linked Scan at Constant B2 /E. yielBodt ha 1p.r ea-nsedl e2.c tgeidv ep rao dsupcet ct(rumdaug ohft earl) li oprne. cursor (parent) ions that fragment to Fix. edTh Nee utlrinakle dF rasgmcaenn ta tS ccoannsst ant B [l - (E/E l ions that have been formed by loss of a0 )p]r e/-Es egliveecst eda nspeeutcrtarlufmr aogfm eanllt pfrroomd uacnty (pdraeucguhrtseorr) (parent) ions. l[Ninokteed: scTahnes atboo vge ivdee fsiinmiitlioanrs ihnafvoerm aaltlio nb eheanv eg ivaelns ow ibtehen rdeefevriesnedc e ftoor siencsttruorm einntsst ruments; incorporating one or more quadrupoles]. 2E)Mass Spectrum Processes of the partial charge-transfer type m2. + N + m. + N+ opcrceucrerdiinngg ai nm aa gcnoeltilci siaonnd ceellelc tr(icco nsteacitnoinrg cao mgbainsa, tNio) n lopclaatceedd iinn ae ifthieelrd o-frrdeeer , rmeagyio nb e detected as follows. twicIef tthhee vianlsuteru rmeenqtu irseldit tso arter anwsimdeit, tahned mifai nt heio ne-lbeecatmr,i ct hseec toonrl y fiioenlds tEo isbe sterta ntso tmwititceed, twhilalt obef tthheo smea winit hi oan -bkeianme.t ic eThneer pgyro/dcuhcatrg ei onrsa toiof tthweic per, oocre ssa lmshooswnt e xfaucltflilyl cthhaisr gceodn pdritodiounc.t ioInfs , tahned m athgunse toicf ftiheelidr dBouisb lysc-cahnanregde, d ap mraescsu rsspoercst, ruims oofb tsauincehd .s ingSluych a spectrum is called a 2E mass spectrum. E /2 Mass Spectrum Processes of the charge-stripping type : m. + N + m2. + N + eporceccuerdriinngg ai n maag cnoetlilci saionnd ecleelcl tr(icco nsteacitnoirn g cao mgbainsa tNi)o nl opclaatceedd inin a e fitiheelrd -forredeer ,r emgaioyn be detected as follows. theI fva tlhuee rinesqturumireedn tto stlritasn samriet wthidee maanind iiofn t-bheea me,l etchter ico nlseyc tioorn sf tieol dbe Etrisa nssemtit ttoe dh awlilf l mbea int hoiosne- bweitahm. a kTihnee tpirco deunecrtg yio/ncsh arofg et rhea tcioh ahraglef-s, torrip aplinmgo sptr oecxeacstsl fy ulhfalilfl, tthhaits of the cchoanrdgietdi onp.r oducItf tihones m, agannde ttihcu fs ieofl dt hBeiirs sscianngnleyd-c, haar mgeads sp srpeeccutrrusomrs ,o f issu cohb tdaoinuebdl.y Such a spectrum is called an E /2 mass spectrum. 9 3 1 [Note Interference from product ions from processes of the type m'i + N -+ m; + N + (m1 - m2) where m2 m 0.5 m1 , can arise in E/2 mass spectra] . Charge Inversion Mass Spectrum Charge inversion processes of the types or m- + N + m+ + N + 2efrreesep ercetgiivoelny p, roeccecudrirnign ga imang an etcoicl lainsid one lceecltlr ic( cosnetctaoirn incgo mab ingaatsi, onN ) plloaccaetde di ni eni at hefire ldorder, may be detected as follows. apprIfo ptrhiea tien sttorum traennst mSilsistiso n aoref ewiidtehe, r anpdo siift ivthee ocro nnneegacttiivoen s matoi nt-hbeeam tw oio snesc, toarres , sriemsppleyct rievveelrys, ewdi, llt hbee n tergaantsimviet toer d.p ositIifv et hper omdaugncte tiiocn sf ioelfd t hies tscwaon pnerodc,e sas esspe, ctrum omaf sss uschp epcrtruodmuc. t ioThnse sew ilslp ebcter ao btaraei nesodm, etainmed st hries fesrpreecdtrum to aiss c-aEl alnedd a+ Ec shparegcet-rian, version respectively. e[xNopltaen a: tiTohen otef rmtshe "m2eEa, nEi/n2g ,o -f E 2oEr, +EE, m+aE sso r s-peEcJ.t rum" should not be used without prior

VACUUM

(TVhaecu tuemr mSso ciine ttyh, its o swehctoimo ng rhataevef uble eanc kncoonwtlreidbgmuteentd , iasl mmoadset) entirely, by the American Adsorption The process by which gas or vapor is bonded on a solid or liquid surface. Aperttuubree wImpitehd aannc ea brupTt hree addudcittiioonn ianl rcreossisst-asneccet ieonnc. ouFonrt ermeodl ebcyul agar sf lfolwow, iintg itsh rtohueg h paro duct othfe thaep emrotulreec ulcaorrr eefcftuiosino nf aicmtopre da(ln ce- oAf an orifice with a cross-sectional area A2 and the larger tube and A2 that of the sma2l/..le1)r , twubheer. e A1 is the cross-sectional area of Backgursouuanlldy Sopebtctariunme d beAf omraes sa sspaempclter umof ofi nrteesriedsuta li s gaisn tsropedcuiceesd iannd a asnyasltyezem.d inI t oirsd er to deduce by subtraction of spectra the true mass spectrum of the sample. Backsmtorveianmgi ncgou nteThr et of ltohwe oflf ocwh oafr getdh ea ngads/oesr nbeeuitnrga lp umpap:retdi. cles emanating from a pump and --i:TBafflen e flA ows.e ries of surfaces placed in the line of gas or vapor flow to prevent straight Collipseiro nun Fitr eqtuiemnec; y alsoTh, et hnuem bneurm boerf moofl ecocullleiss ioorn sa tboetmwse esnt rtihkie ngm oal eucnuilte sa roera aotfo mssu rinf acae tghaes pperor buanbiitli tvyo lumpete aunndi t untiitme ttihmaet. aT hmeo lceocullleis iwoinl l frceolqluiednec yw pitehr mao sluercuflaec ei so r eqaunaolt hteor molecule. Collliisniogn atR aat es pecTihfeie dc oslpleiesdi otnh proroubgahb ail igtays . per unit time for an atom ,or molecule travel- Condpurcteasnscuer e diTfhfee rreanttiioa lo bfe tthwreoeung thpwout ,s punecdifeire ds tecardoys-ss-tsaetcet iocnosn seirnvsaidtei vea pcoumndpiitnigo snyss, tteom . the Critidcaelc reIansleet inP repsusmpurineg speTehde ionclcuerts p. ressure of a vapor pump above which an abrupt Cryopsuumprfa ces A mvaaicnutuami npeumd pa t whteicmhp eorapteurrateess sbuyff ithcei ecnotnldye nlsoaw tifoonr atnhde/ ovarp osorr pptrieosns uoref s goasf atth e condensed gases to be insignificant. 932 ..yosorption Pump A vessel containing an adsorbent which cryosorption pumping of gases, can be refrigerated for the ..yoosnorp stoiliodn Padusmopribnegn ts Ac ootelechdn tioq uel oowf tpermopedurcatiunrg esv.a cuum by physical adsorption of gases effcusonidonit Pioumnps inA whvaicpho r mopulmepc uilnar w fhilochw tprhee dpoumminpeatd esg.a s fMolomewsn tuinmt oi s a trvaapnosfr esrrtreed afm rounm dethre hveapatoer dt oi nt hvea cuguasm, tco argreyneirnagt eit thael onvagp oirn wthheic hd iries cdtiiorenc tofe d tthhe rsoturghe ama . noPzuzmlpe . fluIti d is rexetpuanrndse df rteoe tlyhe inbo tihleer sttroe bame gbienf oar nee wi t cyrecalceh. es a cool wall where it condenses and is iecsttorr ePamu mpun der A prveapdoorm inpumanpt lyin vwihsciocuh st hfleo wp umcopendd igtaison se.n ters the pump and the vapor rapboyr aatbisoonr ptiTonh eo fc oennveerrsgyi.o n of a substance from the liquid state into the gaseous state

hatuso t aP osrutc ceedAinn go psetnaigen g ori nt oa tvhaec uuatmm posumphp eorre . stage from which gases are ejected either

,edtthhrroouugghh theA w daelvl iocfe fao rv atcruuamns smyisttteimn.g electrical current, fluids or mechanical motion angsee alinAg o(pnreo jpearctt ionfg )t hreim vuascuuuaml lysy sinte mt heto f oanrmot ohfe r.a n annulus intended for fastening and appwehri chV aslevea ls thA et ehxihn augsaut gepo rspt roinf ga s tmeeechl apnilactael fpuasmpt enferodm onth oen eo ieln rde stoe rtvhoeir p oumrp ahtomuossing pahweayre f. romD uritisn gs ethate eaxnhd augsast ciys cdlei,s chgaars gepdr efsrsoumr et hies spuufmpf.i cieSnynt : tof dleufttleerc tr ethede vpallavtee. . ow iz(eGdas )b y theTh eKn muodtseionn n ourm bperas sinatgeo otfh reae grasa.n gesA . description of gas flow may be character- 1lepcautlhar isF lmowuc h grTheeat ferlo wt hoafn gthase tlharrogeusght da icmhenasnnieonl ounf dear t croanndsivteirosnes ssueccht tihona t oft heth me ecanh afnrneeel . mAot letchueslees prwietshs utrhese, chthanen elsflow urchfaacreasc taenrdis ftliocws eafrfee cdtest efrrmoimn emdo bleyc ucolalrl icsoiolnlsi soiofn ts hear eg as insignificant. .anspaitthi onis Folfo wt he Tshamee f olrodwe ro f asa tghase ttrhraonusvgeh rsae c dhaimnennesl iounnsd ero f cotnhed icthioannsn etlh. at Itn het hmeis apnr efsree swuitreh rsuarngfea,c est heas fwloewl lc hasar wacitther oitstheirc s gaasr em odelteceurmleisn.e d Abyl soc oclalilsleiodn sK noufds tenhe fgloaws . molecules . scpoaust h Filsow veryT hsme aflllo wi no fc omap agrasis otnhr owuitghh sam cahlalensnte l dunimdeensr iocnon dofi taio tnsr asnuscvehr sthe ats ecthtei omn eoafn tfhreee schioannsn ebl.e tweAte n ththees e gpasr emssoulreecsu letsh,e fi.loew. cthhea rvacistecrosisittyic sof artehe determined mainly by colliga s . laminar or turbulent. The flow may be ,rec Pruimtpi cal vA avluaecu. um pump for maintaining the forepressure of another pump below its ,reppurempss. ure The pressure measured downstream from the outlet or foreline of a vacuum ..actthioen pautmipn g fPl..uid rAe sduiltffinusgi ofrn opmum dpe cwohmoposse idteisoni gonr aclolonwtsa mtihnea tmioorne t vo oblaet eiilteh eimrp uejreicttieesd oiunt tofh etirh ec fhoarnecel ionfe eors ctarpaep opuetd wofit hthine tphuemp p uimnpl etin. such a manner as to effectively reduce >lddinigf fTusimieo n (Ppumumpp ) to reThaceh ttimhee rleimquitiriendg ffoorr eptrhees fsuorreep. ressure of an isolated vapor or 9 3 3 Hot Cathode Ioni zation Gaufe terms of the current o posiAtniv eio nioinzast pioron dguacuegd e byin ewlehictcrho nprse essmuirttee di s frmeoma sau rheeda tine d cathode. Bayarids- pAolpseirttio nGaedu geon thAe haoxti sc aotfh oad ec yiloinndizraictaioln ggraiudg efun icn twiohincihn ga asf inaeno wdeir. e Tihone ccaotlhloedcteo r is mounted outside the grid. Impedance The reciprocal of conductance. Incidence Rate Inlet Pressure The number of molecules striking a unit area of surface per Wlit time. The gas pressure at the entrance to a pump. Interloswt-apger ePsrsuersseu rstea ge Thaend g haisg phr-persseusrseu reat o ran roy poughinintg besttawegee no tfh ae ecxohmpaouunst dp pourmpt o. f the Ion rPeummop valA. n electron device in which ionization produces a significant rate of gas Diffearnedn tspiuatl tSepruitntge rr atPuemsp diffAe rsp. utter-ion pump having two cathodes for which materials Diodea nPumpode. ATwn oi-oenl tpctumpro dceo nitona ipniumngp st waor e unailqsou erleyf eshrarpeedd t eol eacst rdoiodedes, gvetitz.e r aan cdat hdoioded e and sputter ion pumps. Elecetrloecsttarticic a Pumpnd ma i)leAnt icio nf ipeumldps htoa vginegn eorantley ethleec tiroonistzaitngic d fiisechldarsg re.a theTrh teh ganet btoetrh material is sublimed by electron heating or by ohmic heating into the discharge space. Electtor osstuabtliicm e.G etter Pump An electrostatic-ion pump in which a getter material is made Evaposurarftaicoen Prumpathe r At hagne ttseurb-liiomen dp umor p spiun twtehriecdh tfrhoe mg aet tseorl idi ss oevuarpoce.r ated from a molten Gettethre Pumpgett er A ppumupm.p whi(cSehe c ospmubtitneers -tiohne ppuumpmpi nangd m eeclehacntriosmstsa utsiec dp umin pt)h e ion pump and Magnfetieicld P puampr al lAenl tioon t pheu mcpe ulslu aaxlelys wwiitthh mtwuol tcipatlheo daen oeden d cpellaltse si ounofe rrseeadc tiniv ae mmaagtneertiaicl spaced from the ends of the anode cells which terminates the discharge space. Nobloef G naos bPluem pga seAs . aagnetic-ion pump with novel cathode geometries to enhance the pumping Sputbteyr sPpuumtpt eriAn gg. etter-ion pump in which the getter surfaces are continuously renewed Triodshea Ppeudmp e leAcnt roiodne sp;u map nu asnuoadlel,y oaf stpuhte tespr utctaterho-dioen, tanypde a, nc ioontna cinoilnlge ctthorr eee leunctiroquedely. Triodmeec hGeatntiesrm . Pump A triode-ion pump in which gettering is a part of the pumping Knudwsehnic hFl oarwe iTnhtee rmfelodwia otef bgeats wtehenro vugihsc ao upsu fmplo owr a nsyds tmoemle uncudlaerr ftrloawns. ition flow conditions Knudosfe nt rGaaungsefe r oA fv amocumument guam ugbey mowhilcehcu ilneds imocatveins gp rbeetswsueeren tbwyo resusprofandceinsg matoi nttahei nendet art ate odfif tfehere gnat st emompleecruatleurs.e s aVnadr isoepuasr tatypeed sb oyf a Kdnuidstsaenn cgea usgmaesl lderi ffthera nm athien lmye ainn fthree e sphaapteh and method of suspension of the movable element . Knuddseimn eNnusmioben ro f tThhee rcahtainon eol ft thrhoeu mgeha nw hfircehe gpaast his o ff loaw ginasg .m oleFocru lae ctoy lai ncdhraircaaclt teurbiest, itch e diameter is a characteristic dimension. 9 3 4 Leak a pAr eshsouler eo dri pfefremreeanbcele. eleThmienst i tnhcrlouduegsh aw hidechvi lcee akuasgeed mtao yi onctc..uord uucned egras tihent oac ta iovna cuoufm system at a controlled rate. Calisbpraetceifdi cLe acokn ditAi lonesa.k which has a known leakage rate for a specific gas under capilcrloasrsy sLeeactki on A dilemaekn shiaovni. ng a small cross section dimension and length many times its ..mbrane Leak A leak which permits gas flow by permeation through a thin nonporous wall. lololemcoullaercu lLeara kf loAw lfeoakr ao f gsiuvcehn ap rseisszeur et.h at the leakage through it is predominantly Variable Leak A leak with an adjustable leakage rate which can be controlled. Virtsuallo wlLye awki thiAnn a a.vpapcauruemn ts ysleteamk. because of the presence of contaminants which outgas very Viscofulso w Lefoark a gAi vleena kp orefs ssuurceh. a size that the leakage through it is predominantly viscous Accumue.lga.t iohne l Lumeak eDnetteerctsi tohne T peacrhtn i uuned er At eslet akan dd eites ctailloon wetedc hton iaqcuec uimnu lawthiec hw itthrianc etrh eg asp art, otrh ewni othpienn ead styo sttheem lcoenatka idenitengc ttohre. paTrth,e fsoyrs tea m pmeraiyo id noclfu tdie meth. e lTeahke pdeartetc otro rs ysesntseimn ig s element. Backidnegt ecSptoarc ei sLe cako nnDeetcetcetdi toon tTheec hfnioqreuev acuuA m lseiakd ed eotfe cat ipoumn pt aetcthnaichqueed iton twhhie cvha ctuheu ml seyaskt em ocro mperleemsseinto nun bdye rtghoei dnig flfuesaiko tne psumt. p orA ottrhaceerr tgypaes iosf spaummppl oepde aratt ia ngh iagth ehri pghr esspsuereed after relative to its backing pump. Baggienngc losedA ijna rgao nb atge rm(or f ootrh ea r leenakcl doestuercet)i owhn itcehc hins ifqiuel liend wwhiitchh a thter acpearr t gunasd etor tselsitg hitsl y mothere p tahratn toa tmdoestpehrmeirinec tphree sstuortea.l leAa katgreac ferr ogm aas lils laepapklsi iend ttoh et hpear etn. tire surface of Diffusspieocnif iLeca kgaags et hroA ulgeha ka agmee mrbersanulet. ing Efxraommp ltehse atree mtpheera dtiurfef udseipoenn odefn th yddirofgfuesni otnh roofu gah palladium and helium through glass. Leakatgheat (tliemake) (sReate et hrTohugeh qpuuatn)t. ity of gas passing through a leak in a given time divided by Limitthirnogu gFohrpeuptr, esasbuorvee whTihceh tphrees spuumrep iangt tachtei odni socfh artghee spiumdep orfa pai dvlyac dueumte pruimopra, taets, a evsitadteendc ed by a sudden increase of inlet pressure. Syn: critical backing pressure. Load fl(oVawpoingr Ptumphrou) gh Tthhee pquuamnpt iptery oufni gt ast,i mne.o t inIctl iuds inalgs op umcpal flleudi dc apvaapciort,y oinr mmaassss funloiwts. , Manometer An instrument for measuring the pressure of gases and vapors. Maxiimunmle Ptr pesressusruer eRa twihoi ch( Vaa cupuummp P umpcan) maiTnthaei nm axaitm zuemr voa lguaes folf otwh. e raItni vo aopfor fporumepprse, stshuries tteorm is usually significant only for light gases such as hydrogen and helium. McLeiosd tGoa ubgee meAa sulirqeudi, d isl ecvoeml prmaensosmeedt ebry itnh e whmiovcehm ea ntk noofwn a vloiluqmeuid ocfo ltumhen g aansd, wchoonfsie nepdr eisns uar e sgmasa llp remessasuurrea bilne tvhoel sumyes.t em Ccoarurseecdt ibyo nts hnee emod vteom enbet moafd et hfeo lri aqnuyi da. ppreciable change in Mean wiFtrehe t Phea toht heTr hep aratvierclaegse doif satna necnes eam pbalre.t icle travels between successive collisions 93 5 Meanp aPartthi clesTh oe rm esaunrf adcisetsa. nce Wha epna trhtei cplree stsruarveel si sb ehtigwhee onr s uthcece vsessivseel codilmelinssioinosns waitrhe olatrhgeer , msoe atrh farte et hpea mteha bne pcaometh nisum sermiaclal lwlyit hid ernetspiceactl .t, o the vessel dimensions, the mean path and Mechoanr ieccacle Pumpntric ( rVoatcuaumry) m embAe rdse vuiscee dw fitorh pmoumvpinign gp gaartss o sru vcahp aors. rotating vanes, a piston, ..leculolwaerr Epfrfeusssiuorne thThroeu mogh laencu olrarif ifcloew ionf a gawsa llf roofm an egrlegigioinb laet t ohnieck pnreessss aunrde twoit ohn ae at a diameter much less than the mean free path of the molecules. Moletcuimlea.r FluThxo se Thhavei nnge ta n vuembloecri otfy gcoamspo monelentc uline st hcreo ssasmien gd ai rescpteicoinf ieasd stuhre fnaocrme ainl tuon itth e scuormfpaoncee nat t itnh et hpe ooinptp oosfit ec rdosirseincgt iaorne a rcoeun cotuendt aesd apso snitegivaet ivaned. those having a velocity Molecsumlaalrl Vveolloumciet,y d Dti, ssturribruotuinodnin g Tah eg ivaevenr apgoein vta, luloec aotf etdh eb yf rtahect rioand ioufs tvheect omor lerc uilne sa finl uai d minegd iuthme, pwohiincth hiinv ve evloecloitciyt syp vaecec.t orsT hley inagv ewriatghining parno ciensfsi niitse scaimarrile dv ooluutm eo, verdv , as utrimroeu ndcloonmpga erneodu gwhit tho t1shmoe ottimhe s traetqiusitreicda flo frl sucigtunaitfiiocnasn ti nv atrhiea timoonlse cuinla rth peo pmualcraotsiocnospi, cb uptr ospheorrttie s, mFaogrn ait guades iisn euqnuifiolrmib roiuvemr aat srpehsetr, e tahbeo udti stthreib ourtiiognin o fin t vheel oveciltoyci stpya cvee.c torsTh ew itdhis tar gibiuven tion known as Maxwell's law of velocity distribution is fv dv=4wv2 (m/2wkTJ 3/2 ke xpis( -tmhve2/ B2koTl)tdzvma, nwnh ecornes tmanist , thaned ma4swsv 2 ofdv a ism otlheec uvleol,u mTe ios ft ah es pahbesroliucatle tsehmeplelr oatfu rread, ius aenqud alg ivteos thteh e mafrgancittuidoen ooff vm oalnedc uolfes t hhaicvkinnegs ss pedev dse qubaetl wteoe nth ve ainndc revm +en dt v.i n tThhise fmunagcntitiounde fv is the Maxwellian distribution function. Net Sdpieveidd ed( Vabcyu utmh eP UDIPpres) surTeh ea st hmreoausguhrpeudt aatc rtohsast as escetciotnio. n reTmhoet en eftr osmp etehde cpaunm pb ei nclaeltc ulated wphuempn tihnele tp uamnpdi ntgh es pgeeidve ni sc rknosowns s beyct aidodni,n gth teo rtehceip rsuomc alo fo fal tl hteh mee aimpsuerdeadn pceusm pbinetgw espeene dt he and then taking the reciprocal of the result. -Pa-sc-a1-tl -is oThnee bneawstiocn Sp.eI.r suqnuiatr oe fm eptreesrs. ure(s eree caommlsoen d: edT orfror). general use in vacuum technology. Permoefa bai lsitoyli dCo beafrfij:rieiern tp er Tunheit radtifef eorfe fnltoiawl ofp regsassu rteh raotu gah ga iuvennit t eamrpeea raatnud rae . unit thickness Permtehartoioungh thThee s poalsisda ganed o mfa gya sin tvhorlvoeug shu ar fsacoel ipdh. enomTehnea prsuoccehs sa s aslowarypst ioinnv, odlvisesso dciifaftuiosnio, n migration and desorption. Physaidcsaolr bAednsto rpantdio nad sorAnba taed.s orptTyiopnic aplr obceisnsd incagu esnede rbgyie vsa nar ed erle sWsa atlhsa nf or10c eks cbaelt/wmoeleen. Syn: physisorption. (See adsorption.) Positprivoev idDeids plbayc edmisenptl acPeummepn t oAr m tercahpapneidc avl ovlaucmueu mo fp ugamspe si nt wyhpiicchal tlhye b pyu am prinogt aatcintgi oonr i s reciprocating piston, sliding vane, or intermeshing lobes. Pressiumpraec t(iGnags )o n aT hseu arvfearcea.g e normal force per unit area exerted by gas molecules Ultimasutfef iPcrieesnts upruem pinTgh e tlimiem ithains ge llaopws perde stso urees taapbplrisoha cthheadt ifnu ar thvearcu urme dsuycsttioenm sa finte prr eas sure wbailsel bper ensseugrlei gwibhleen. refSeormreedt imteos a caplulmpe d utnhdee ru lttesimta. te vacuum, or blank-off pressure, or 9 3 6 Ultimbya tteh Pea rptairatil aPl repsrseusrseu re oThf ea psarpte coiff itch eg aus.l timate pressure in a vacuum system caused (Satcuorantdeedn)s eVda ppohra sPe reasts ua rfe ixeThd ete pmpreesrsautruere o. f a Tvhaep odre fiinn itthioermn oapdypnliaemsi ct eoq usiinligbler iucom mwpoitnhen tas adsi swtienlgl uiassh t obe tmwueletni cothmpe otnoetnta ls ypsrteesmsusr. e ovIne rt hteh e lactotnedre nsceads e,p hiats e isan dn etchees spararyt itoa l pressure of a given component. Syn : saturation pressure. Pumpm eFclhuiandi caAl olri quviadp,o r upsuumapl.l y having a low vapor pressure , used as the working fluid in a Pumpignasg aStpe ae d speTchief ieradt ipoo iontf tnheea rt htrhoeu gihnpleutt opof rat ogif vea np ugamsp . to the partial pressure of that Seal ma(iVnatcauiunmi) ng Ale ajokaignet abte towre ebn etlowow ae lreemqeunitrse odf lea vvealc. uum system which is effective in Bakeable Seal A seal which can be baked at elevated temperatures. Breakva cSueuaml sysA tesme.a l coTnhes ismteimbngra noef a its hbirno gkelans tso mecombnrneancte tsheep atrwaoti snegc taidojancse. nt sections of a Democu..nttatbinleg, Sferaalc turAi nsge,a lo bre tmweeltein ngtw, o wehilechm enist s edfefseicgtnievde fion rma diinstaasisneimnbgly t hwiet hdoeusti rreeds ovarct utumo. Gaskbeett wSeeeanl twoA hdeamroduenrt amebmlebe rsse.a l whIti cmha ye mbpelo yrse uas ecalbolese. d loTohep ogfa skdeefto rmamya bblee mfaatbreirciaatl edp rfersosem d metal washers, wire rings, elastomers or other materials. 0-Ricnrgo ssA s edecmtoiunont. able, elastomer, gasket seal made with a toroidal gasket of circular Pump beS poeebdt aineTdhe frvoomlu mtehter irc.. tiroat oe fo tfh eg atsh rfolouwg hpacurto ossf aa gsaesc ttioon t haet pthaer tpiuaml pp rienslestur. e ofIt thcaatn gas at a specific point near the inlet port of the pump. (Often called pumping speed.) Speeadr eFaac taonrd theTh em axriatmiuom fofl owt her atspee epde r tou ntihte aprreoa dausc tg iovf etnh bey v tachueu me ffpuusmipo in nlleawt. crosIts sies ctailoson called efficiency, or speed efficiency. Speedb y oift sEx hvaoulsutme aTnhd ed iinvsitdaendt abnye oituss rpartees soufre r. eduction of pressure in a system multiplied Sticskuirnfg acCeo effofri cai efnitn iteTh pee rriatoido o of f tithmee ntuom btehre onfu mmbeorle ocfu lemso lewhciuclehs a rsetr iadksionrgb etdh aotn suar face. Sublipmasastiinogn thrTohueg hp rtohcees si notef rmterdanisaittei olin qudiidr epcthalsye frboy mt hteh ea bssoolirpdt ivoapn oorf phenaesreg yw.i thout Syn: sublime. Thermtaurle Cso bnedtucweteinv itwyhi cGha uhgee at cA avna cbeu utmr ganasupgoer tceodn tbayi ngiansg tmwoole scuurlefsac. es aChta dnigfefse rien ntth et empera-. otenmep oerf attuhre ess,u rofra ceisn tchane bhee actoinrgre plaotweerd rweiqtuhi rtheed tgoas mapirnetsasiunr e.c onstThanetrm tael mpcoernadtuucrteiv oitf y tghauegrmeos codiufpfleer gianu geth).e method of indicating the temperature change. (See : Thermsiesntsoirt ivGeau egel emenA tsfo rarme ofm atdhee rmof asl emciocnoduncdtuicvtiitnyg mgaautgeer iainl wihnsitchea tdh oef temmeptearl.a ture93 7 Thermotli'ecromupolceo upGlaeu gef or At heth emremaaslu recmonedntu cotifv iftiyla mgeanu.g et ewmhpiechr atcuorneta ianss a a fhuencattieodn foiflam geasnt parnedss uar e. Throeaxpt an(Vdaicnugu mn Coozmpzle9,n ecnotn) ver(gai)ng ( dNiofzfzulese ro r orD ifcfounsveerr)g.i ngT/dhiev esrmgailnlge snt oczrzloses ors edcitifofnus eorf. an n(eb)ar e(Vsatp otrh eP iunmlpe}.t pTohret .s mallest clearance area between the pump casing and the nozzle Throfulgohwpiuntg peThr eu nqiuta nttiimtye oacfr ogsass ai ns pperecsisfuireed- ovpoelunm ecr ounsist ss,e catito na. speTchirfoieugdh tpeumt pmearyat uber e, croenfsertrietdu etnot aa ndsp ethcief aiscs occoinsattietdu felnotw orfa at eg aarse int hew hriechl evcaanset qthuean tpiatritiesal. pressure of that -To-rr-m illA iunmeitet ro off p rmeesrscuurrey d(emmf ionefd Hags), 1a/n7d6 0h oafs nao ws tabnedeanr dr epatlamocesdp hbeyre .t he IPt arsecpalla caesd a thper efteerrmre d unit of pressure. (1 mm Hg = l.CXJO CXlO ..4 Torr . 133. 322 386 7 Pas.. Trap va(cVuaucmu usm ysSytesmt eom)r preA vdeenvt icbea cukssetdre anin inag avnadcu ummi gpruamtipionng olfi nvea cutou mr peudmucpe flvuaipdosr psruechs sausr e in a mercury and/or oil. Antis-uMirfgracaet ioming Trartaipo n Ao f troaipl wfhroimch a i nscoluurdcee s ian toch ithllee dv ascuurufma sceys oterm o. ther means to prevent Cold vTraacpu umA sytsrtaepm .w ith a refrigerated surface used to condense various vapors present in the Moleacruelaar aSnide vteh aTtr apajs orAb s trhaypd rcoocnartbao1nn1 nagn dmo wlaetecurl avrap osirse vea tm oarte briealol w trhoato mh atse map ehriagthur seu. rface U-Tube Trap A trap in the form of a U-shaped tube which is immersed in a coolant. Turbcoomnosleicsutlianrg Pofu map seArni easx oifa l aflltoewrn atuter bicnierc ufolra ro rpoetroarti oann di ns tathtoer mdoilsekcsu labro tfhl oofw rwahnigceh phraveef eirnecnltiinale dd ibrlaedcetiso dn efsriogmn etdh eto pumimpp airnt lemto mteon tuthme cohuantgleet .t o gas molecules in a ..Vacuumm ospThheer icoc npdrietsisounr eo.f a gaseous environment in which the gas pressure is below Low Vthacanu um3. 3 xA v10ac3u uPam i(n2 5 wThoircrh) .t he pressure is less than 105 Pa (..750 Torr) and greater Mediu(m2 5 VaTcourumr) andA vgraecauumter i nt hwanh ic10h -t1 hPea p(re7s.s5u rxe 10is- 4 leTsosrr )th. an or equal to 3.3 x 103 Pa High( V7a.c5u ux m 10-A4 vTaocrur)u ma nind gwrheiacthe rth et hparne s10s-ur4 eP ias (l7e.s5s x th10an- 7o rTo erqru).a l to 10- 1 Pa Very( H7.ig5h x Va1c0u-u7 mT orrA )v aancudu mg riena tewrh icthh anth e1 0p-r7e Psas u(re7. i5s xl e1s0s- 1t0 haTno rorr) . equal to 1O-4Pa Ultr(ah7i.g5h x Va1c0u-uIm0 ToAr rv) acanudu mm oinr e whthiacnh t1hOe- lpUr Pesas (ur7e. 5i sx l1e0s-s1 3 thToanr ro)r. equal to 1O-7Pa ExtreTomrer )U.l trahigh Vacuum A vacuum in which the pressure is less than 10-1 0 Pa (7.5 x 10-13 Vacuourm rVealgvuela tedA bmye cah amonivcianlg depvaritc e wbhyic hw hoipcehn st heo rf olobws toruf cgtsas a o pra vssapagoer. may be started, stopped, Anglev aVlvaelv. e A valve in which the ports are not in line, as, for example, a right angle 9 3 8 Vacuucman Btahffulse act A avsa lav eba cfofnltea. ining a shield which remains in line with the valve port and Buttetrhfrloyug Vha ltvhee ceAn tvear lovef wthhiec hdi issk . opened or closed by rotating a disk 90. about an axis Diapihsroagmlat eVda lfvreo m At hev arlvees ti on f whtihec hv atlhve e vbayl vue sistnegm a isd imapohurnatgemd iton dai vbionden ett hew hsicpha cie si nside ' Anthee lvaasltvoe mebro dyo.r plaEistthicer d imaeptharla, gme lsaosmtoemtierm esor fupnlcatsitioncs ias lscoom amos nal yg ausskeed t.f or tInh ea ndyi acpahsraeg, m. I motion is limited to avoid exceeding the elastic limit of the diaphragm material. Leaks yVasltveem . A valve for admitting air or gas at a precisely determined rate into a vacuum Needslee aVta lwhviec h mAa yl eaakls ov ablvee tiapn ewrhedic. h a tapered needle is moved along its axis against a I I Relireifs eVsa lavbeo ve A av aslpevcei wfhiic chp rwei-lsle ta uvtaolmvea.t icalItl yi os pegne nwehreanl lyth er epgraerdsesdu rae so na stahfee stye adte sviidcee . Sealed Bellows Valve A valve usually for high vacuum applications , in which the stem is ,I bsoedayl eda ndb y tah ef loetxhierb leen med ttoa lt hbee ldlioswks . parOtn oe fe tnhd eo vfa ltvhee bsetelmlo. ws is attached to the valve I So!eenoliedc tVraolmaveg net.A valve in which the movable member is actuated electrically by an Straitghhe t inThterorungahl cVoanlvset rucAti ovna lvise sinuc whh tihcaht t lhein poe-ortf-s saiarhe t >.nfl lowin eoc, cuurrs c; owhaexnia tlh,e a nvatil viuer i.s..., .o,pe;),, n. OTIIER TERMS Mass aAncacloyrd..iinsg toA tphreo cemsass sb-yto w-hchiacrhg ea m(mix/tz)u rrea toif ois on(iiocn os)r onre utthreailr spaegcgireegsa ites aitdoemntiicf imeads ses i (neutrals). The analysis may be qualitative and/or quantitative. Det..cptiaornt icouf laIro niso nicIn spmeacsis ess,p ecattr oa mdeetrtye cttohirs uncodnecre rnconsd itthieo onsb setrvhaatt iproenc olfu deth oer armirniivmail zoef aemlbeicgturiitciaels mdeuaen st. o interferences. Ions may be detected by photoaraphic or suitable Scannai nmRa sMse tshpoedc troThmiest ert erwhmi crhe ferress ultto s tihne as esqpueenccter umof o fco mnatrsosel s,o vveerl oocpiertiateisn, gm opmaernamtae toerrs of energies. Samoleto Ianntarloydsuictsi o1sn plTahciesd irne fetrhse itoo n tshoe umarcen noerf ai n mawshsi cshp eac tmraotmeeritealr bwheifocrhe i as ndto/ obr ed usruibnjge ct such an analysis. Vac..umal lS ypsatermt s oTfh otshee vcoamcupounme snytss tuemse. d Ttoh ilso iwenrc luthdee sp rneosts uornely w itthhei vna rai mouass sp usmppeictnrgo mcoemtepro naernet s ibnut whailscoh ivaolnvs easr, eg afuogrmese da nadn da sdseotceicatetde da enld ecthtre ovniaccu ourm oetnhveerl opceon. trol devices, the chamber Dat.. sSaymsptelme arThe ep acrotm opofn etnhtes duastead s ytos treem.c ordTh aisn d inpcrloucdeesss ienlfeocrmtroantiico no dru roithnegr thceo ntarnoall ydseivsi ocfe sa, and recording storage and data manipulation devices. Data iPrnofcoermssaitinogn mOusntce bie nifonrtmeraptireotn eids aopbptraoipnreida twei ttoh atnhe apepnrdo pursiea. te dThaotas es ysstetpesm , wthhiec h lead ntoe cethsissa reinldy iusnec laudree oafp pclionccaetrnio ni onf damotad eprnro cceosmspiuntger. teNochten iqthueast. data processing does not Data sRpeeduccttrioomne terT ohuet.ppruot ciesnst oo fa ftorarnms fwohrimcihn ig st ahmee nianibltiea lto d iingtietraplr reetpatrieosnen; taftioor n eoxaf mpa le, a bar graph or a table of ion currents. 9 3 9 This abbreviation is used mass number uf an ion by thteo nduemnboert eo ft hceh adrimgeenss cioarnlreiesds qbyua tnhtei tyio nfo. rmedIt b hya sd ivloindgin bge tehne cthael leedl etchter onmiacs s-cthoar-cahea,r ge-e. ratioa'fthough m is not the ionic mass nor is z a multiple of for example, for the ion C7H27 p,, e mab/bzr e.. v4i5at.Sio.n m/e is, therefore, not recommended. Thus, 11ominal Ion II!.... The maaa of .n ion ..'l given -pirical fo:tmula calculated u1l the integer maeeee of the moat abundant i.otope of each element , e .g. C .l2, H.l , 0 .1 6. Monoieotoaic Ion Mase . The maee of an ion tor a given empirical formula calculate uelng the exact maee of the moat abundant ieotope ot each element , e .g. C.l2 .00000 , H.l .007825 , 0.15 .9..9- lverage Mase . The mase of an ion for a given empirical formula calculated uelng the atomic mass of each element , e .g. , C .i2 .0l.l , R.l .00797, 0.15 . 999, Thermal Deeor{!ti!on . The removal of ionic or neutra.1. species fr0111 the condensed ata e by the input of thermal energy into the condensed etate . Th. .echaniem of energy input ehould b. epecified . T'i'....:,,:,:..::;.i;:;i:...;;:;,,....m..........=;............t..r.t.. ll'he diet illatto.. nuoualy tloring .tree.in of carri,er gae and onto a gae chromatographic colwnn . Thie 1. followed by ma.. epectrometric analyei. of compound. ..luting from the gaa chromatograph .