Mass spectrometry timeline: Difference between revisions
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== Positive Rays = = | |||
In [[1886]], [[Eugen Goldstein]] observed a new kind of [[radiation]] that traveled through the channels of a perforated [[cathode]] in a low pressure [[gas discharge]] and moved toward the [[anode]], in the opposite direction to the negatively charged [[cathode rays]]. Goldstein called these positively charged [[anode rays]] "Kanalstrahlen" or canal rays. [[Wilhelm Wien]] found that strong electric or magnetic fields deflected the canal rays and, in [[1899]], constructed a device with parallel electric and magnetic fields that separated the positive rays according to their charge-to-mass ratio (''e/m''). Wien found that the charge-to-mass ratio depended on the nature of the gas in the discharge tube. [[English people|English]] [[scientist]] [[J.J. Thomson]] later improved on the work of [[Wilhelm Wien]] by reducing the pressure to create a mass spectrograph. The processes that more directly gave rise to the modern version of the mass spectrometer were devised by [[Arthur Jeffrey Dempster]] and [[F.W. Aston]] in [[1918]] and [[1919]] respectively. | In [[1886]], [[Eugen Goldstein]] observed a new kind of [[radiation]] that traveled through the channels of a perforated [[cathode]] in a low pressure [[gas discharge]] and moved toward the [[anode]], in the opposite direction to the negatively charged [[cathode rays]]. Goldstein called these positively charged [[anode rays]] "Kanalstrahlen" or canal rays. [[Wilhelm Wien]] found that strong electric or magnetic fields deflected the canal rays and, in [[1899]], constructed a device with parallel electric and magnetic fields that separated the positive rays according to their charge-to-mass ratio (''e/m''). Wien found that the charge-to-mass ratio depended on the nature of the gas in the discharge tube. [[English people|English]] [[scientist]] [[J.J. Thomson]] later improved on the work of [[Wilhelm Wien]] by reducing the pressure to create a mass spectrograph. The processes that more directly gave rise to the modern version of the mass spectrometer were devised by [[Arthur Jeffrey Dempster]] and [[F.W. Aston]] in [[1918]] and [[1919]] respectively. | ||
Revision as of 12:09, 27 April 2006
= Positive Rays =
In 1886, Eugen Goldstein observed a new kind of radiation that traveled through the channels of a perforated cathode in a low pressure gas discharge and moved toward the anode, in the opposite direction to the negatively charged cathode rays. Goldstein called these positively charged anode rays "Kanalstrahlen" or canal rays. Wilhelm Wien found that strong electric or magnetic fields deflected the canal rays and, in 1899, constructed a device with parallel electric and magnetic fields that separated the positive rays according to their charge-to-mass ratio (e/m). Wien found that the charge-to-mass ratio depended on the nature of the gas in the discharge tube. English scientist J.J. Thomson later improved on the work of Wilhelm Wien by reducing the pressure to create a mass spectrograph. The processes that more directly gave rise to the modern version of the mass spectrometer were devised by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster and F.W. Aston in 1918 and 1919 respectively.
Timeline
19th Century
- 1886
- Eugen Goldstein observes canal rays.
- 1898
- Wilhelm Wien demonstrates that canal rays can be deflected using strong electric and magnetic fields.
20th Century
- 1905
- Joseph John Thomson begins his study of positive rays.
- 1906
- Thomson is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
- 1919
- Francis Aston constructs the first velocity focusing mass spectrograph with mass resolving power of 130.
- 1922
- Aston is awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule."
- 1931
- Ernest O. Lawrence invents the cyclotron.
- 1934
- Josef Mattauch and Richard Herzog develop the double-focusing mass spectrograph.
- 1936
- Arthur J. Dempster develops the spark ionization source.
- 1937
- Aston constructs a mass spectrograph with resolving power of 2000.
- 1939
- Lawrence receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for the cyclotron.
- 1942
- Lawrence develops the Calutron for uranium isotope separation.
- 1946
- William Stephens presents the concept of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
- 1956
- Fred McLafferty proposes a hydrogen transfer reaction that will come to be known as the McLafferty rearrangement.
- 1959
- Researchers at Dow Chemical interface a gas chromatograph to a mass spectrometer.
- 1966
- Chemical ionization is developed.
- 1968
- Malcolm Dole develops electrospray ionization.
- 1976
- Ronald MacFarlane and co-workers develop plasma desorption mass spectrometry.
- 1984
- John Fenn and co-workers use electrospray to ionize biomolecules.
- 1985
- Franz Hillenkamp, Michael Karas and co-workers describe and coin the term matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI).
- 1987
- Koichi Tanaka uses the ????????????????????????ultra fine metal plus liquid matrix method?????????????????????? to ionize intact proteins.
- 1989
- Wolfgang Paul receives the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the development of the ion trap technique"
21st Century
- 2002
- John Fenn and Koichi Tanaka are awarded one-quarter of the Nobel Prize in chemistry each "for the development of soft desorption ionisation methods ... for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules."
