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| | <big><big>'''Isotopes'''</big></big> |
|
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|
| <big><big>ISOTOPES[https://archive.org/details/isotopes00asto/page/n3/mode/2up]</big></big>
| | {{Template:Aston 1922 Contents}} |
| | |
| {{Special:PrefixIndex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/}} | |
| | |
| F. W. ASTON, M.A., D.Sc, A.I.C., F.R.S.
| |
| | |
| Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
| |
| | |
| LONDON
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| | |
| EDWARD. ARNOLD & CO.
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| | |
| 1922
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| | |
| [All rights reserved]
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| Printed in Great Britain
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|
| |
|
| ==PREFACE== | | ==PREFACE== |
| | [[File:Portrait of Francis William Aston (1877-1945), Chemist and Physicist (2536015497) (cropped).jpg|400 px|right]] |
| | I have undertaken the preparation of this book on [[isotope]]s in response to many requests made to me by teachers of physics and chemistry and others working in these subjects that I should publish the results obtained by means of the [[mass spectrograph]] in a form more convenient to the public than that in which they first appeared. This is one of the reasons why the space allotted to the inactive isotopes may appear, in the light of the general title of the book, somewhat disproportion- ately large. Another is that the subject of radioactive isotopes really requires a book to itself, and I am in the hope that the inadequacy of my account may stimulate the production of such a volume by hands more competent than mine to deal with this very special and remarkable field of modern science. The logical order of exposition of a scientific subject is to start with the simple and from that build up the more complex. Unfortunately the sequence of events in experimental research is the exact opposite of this so that a compromise must be effected, unless one is content to sacrifice historical treatment altogether. The latter seems very undesirable in a new subject. I have endeavoured in Chapters I, II and IV, and elsewhere when possible, to adhere strictly to the historical order of events even at the cost of some reiteration. |
|
| |
|
| I have undertaken the preparation of this book on [[isotope]]s
| | I wish to take this opportunity of expressing my indebted- ness to Mr. C. G. Darwin for his timely criticism and unfailing assistance throughout the work, and also to Mr. R. H. Fowler for help with the proofs. My thanks are also due to [[wikipedia:Frederick Soddy|Professor Soddy]] for his diagram of the radioactive isotopes, to [[wikipedia:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster|Mr. A. J. Dempster]] for kindly sending me the illustrations of his work, to the proprietors of the Philosophical Magazine and to the Council of the Chemical Society for permission to use the plates and figures of my original papers, and to Messrs. Macmillan & Co., for the diagram of the radioactive transformations. |
| in response to many requests made to me by teachers of physics
| |
| and chemistry and others working in these subjects that I
| |
| should publish the results obtained by means of the [[mass spectrograph]] in a form more convenient to the public than that
| |
| in which they first appeared. This is one of the reasons why
| |
| the space allotted to the inactive isotopes may appear, in the
| |
| light of the general title of the book, somewhat disproportion-
| |
| ately large. Another is that the subject of radioactive isotopes
| |
| really requires a book to itself, and I am in the hope that the
| |
| inadequacy of my account may stimulate the production of
| |
| such a volume by hands more competent than mine to deal
| |
| with this very special and remarkable field of modern science.
| |
| The logical order of exposition of a scientific subject is to start
| |
| with the simple and from that build up the more complex.
| |
| Unfortunately the sequence of events in experimental research
| |
| is the exact opposite of this so that a compromise must be
| |
| effected, unless one is content to sacrifice historical treatment
| |
| altogether. The latter seems very undesirable in a new subject.
| |
| I have endeavoured in Chapters I, II and IV, and elsewhere
| |
| when possible, to adhere strictly to the historical order of
| |
| events even at the cost of some reiteration.
| |
| | |
| I wish to take this opportunity of expressing my indebted- | |
| ness to Mr. C. G. Darwin for his timely criticism and unfailing | |
| assistance throughout the work, and also to Mr. R. H. Fowler | |
| for help with the proofs. My thanks are also due to [[wikipedia:Frederick Soddy|Professor Soddy]] for his diagram of the radioactive isotopes, to [[wikipedia:Arthur Jeffery Dempster|Mr. A. J. Dempster]] for kindly sending me the illustrations of his work, | |
| to the proprietors of the Philosophical Magazine and to | |
| the Council of the Chemical Society for permission to use the | |
| plates and figures of my original papers, and to Messrs. | |
| Macmillan & Co., for the diagram of the radioactive trans- | |
| formations.
| |
|
| |
|
| :[[wikipedia:Francis William Aston|F. W. Aston]] | | :[[wikipedia:Francis William Aston|F. W. Aston]] |
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| :January, 1922. | | :January, 1922. |
|
| |
|
| ==CONTENTS==
| | ---- |
| | |
| [[Aston 1922/Contents]]
| |
| | |
| ==CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION==
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| | |
| [[Aston 1922 Chapter 1]]
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| | |
| ==CHAPTER II - THE RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES==
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| | |
| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 2]]
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| | |
| ==CHAPTER III - POSITIVE RAYS==
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| | |
| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 3]]
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| | |
| ==CHAPTER IV - NEON==
| |
| | |
| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 4]]
| |
| | |
| ==CHAPTER V - THE MASS-SPECTROGRAPH==
| |
| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 5]]
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| | |
| ==CHAPTER VI - ANALYSIS OF THE ELEMENTS==
| |
| | |
| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 6]]
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| | |
| ==CHAPTER VII - ANALYSIS OF THE ELEMENTS (Continued)==
| |
| | |
| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 7]]
| |
| | |
| ==CHAPTER VIII - THE ELECTRICAL THEORY OF MATTER==
| |
| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 8]]
| |
| | |
| ==CHAPTER IX - ISOTOPES AND ATOMIC NUMBERS==
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| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 9]]
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| | |
| ==CHAPTER X - THE SPECTRA OF ISOTOPES==
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| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 10]]
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| | |
| ==CHAPTER XI - THE SEPARATION OF ISOTOPES==
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| [[Aston 1922/Chapter 11]]
| |
| | |
| ==APPENDIX I==
| |
| | |
| Table of atomic weights and isotopes of the elements.
| |
| | |
| The elements are given in order of their atomic=
| |
| numbers. The
| |
| different periods are indicated by gaps after the inert gases.
| |
| A curious relation, pointed out by Rydberg, is that the
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| atomic numbers of all the inert gases are given by taking the
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| series 2 (P + 2^ + 22 + 3^ + 3^ + 4^ + =
| |
| ) and stoppmg the
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| summation at any term. This gives the numbers used by Langmuir
| |
| (p. 95).
| |
| | |
| The atomic weights given are the International ones except in
| |
| the cases marked with an asterisk, where the figures are taken f=
| |
| rom
| |
| some of the recent determinations given below.
| |
| | |
| The isotopes where known are given in order of their atomic
| |
| masses. The proportion of an isotope in a complex element is
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| indicated by the index letters a, 6, c ... in descending order.=
| |
| | |
| In the case of isotopes of the radioactive elements 81-92 the ro=
| |
| man
| |
| numeral gives the number of them believed to exist. The nomen-
| |
| clature of some of the rare earths 69-72 is not yet standardised.=
| |
| | |
| The names here are those used by Moseley. Some of these elements=
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| ,
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| though detected by their X-ray spectra, have never been isolated.=
| |
| | |
| The elements corresponding to atomic numbers 43, 61, 75, 85, 87=
| |
| | |
| (all odd) have not yet been discovered.
| |
| | |
| Recent atomic weight determinations. The following is a
| |
| list of some of the elements whose atomic weights have been re-=
| |
| | |
| determined quite recently, together with references to the papers
| |
| in which they were published. Where more than one value is
| |
| given different methods were used :
| |
| | |
| Fluorine 19-001. Moles and Batuecas, Jour. Chim. Phys., 18, 35=
| |
| 3,
| |
| | |
| 1920.
| |
| Aluminium 26*963. Richards and Krepelka, Journ. Am. Chem. Soc,=
| |
| | |
| | |
| 42, 2221, 1920.
| |
| Silicon 28-111. Baxter, Weatherelland Holmes, ibid., 42, 1194, =
| |
| 1920.
| |
| Scandium 45-10. Honigschmid, Zeit. Electrochem., 25, 93, 1919.=
| |
| | |
| Tin 118-703. Baxter and Starkweather, Journ. Am. Chem. Soc, 42,=
| |
| | |
| | |
| 905, 1920.
| |
| | |
| 118-699. Brauner and Krepelka, ibid., 42, 917, 1920.
| |
| | |
| 141
| |
| | |
| | |
| 142
| |
| | |
| | |
| APPENDIX I
| |
| | |
| | |
| Tellurium 127-73, 127-79. Bruylants and Michielsen, Bull=
| |
| . Acad.
| |
| | |
| Bdg., 119, 1919.
| |
| Samarium 150 "43. Owens, Balke and Kremers, Journ. Am. Chem=
| |
| .
| |
| | |
| Soc, 42, 515, 1920.
| |
| Thtdium 169-44, 169-66. James and Stewart, ibid., 42, 2022, =
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| 1920.
| |
| Bismuth 209-02. Honigschmid, Zeit. Electrochem., 26, 403, 1920=
| |
| .
| |
| | |
| 208-9967. Classen and Wey, Ber., 53, 2267, 1920.
| |
| Antimony 121-773. Willard and McAlpine, Jouryi. Am. Chem. Soc, =
| |
| 43,
| |
| | |
| 797, 1921.
| |
| Lanthanum 138-912. Baxter, Tani and Chapin, Journ. Am. Chem.=
| |
| | |
| | |
| Soc, 43, 1085, 1921.
| |
| Germanium 72-418. Miller, Journ. Am. Chem. Soc, 43, 1085, 19=
| |
| 21.
| |
| Zinc 65-38. Baxter and Hodges, i&id., 43, 1242, 1921.
| |
| Cadmium 112-411. Baxter and Wilson, ibid., 43, 1230, 1921.
| |
| | |
| | |
| -Q
| |
| | |
| " m
| |
| | |
| o^
| |
| | |
| Element.
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| a
| |
| | |
| if
| |
| | |
| Masses of isotopes.
| |
| | |
| =C2=A3 -2 *^ Hydrogen . .
| |
| | |
| H
| |
| | |
| 1
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| | |
| 1-008
| |
| | |
| 1
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| | |
| 1-008
| |
| | |
| f^^'o Helium . . .
| |
| | |
| He
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 4-00
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 4
| |
| | |
| &> 1"
| |
| | |
| 00 Lithivim .
| |
| | |
| Li
| |
| | |
| 3
| |
| | |
| 6-94
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| -
| |
| | |
| " Beryllium
| |
| | |
| Be
| |
| | |
| 4
| |
| | |
| 91
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 9
| |
| | |
| r^ Boron
| |
| | |
| B
| |
| | |
| 5
| |
| | |
| 10-9
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 10=C2=BB 11"
| |
| | |
| 3 Carbon .
| |
| | |
| C
| |
| | |
| 6
| |
| | |
| 12-00
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 12
| |
| | |
| S Nitrogen .
| |
| | |
| N
| |
| | |
| 7
| |
| | |
| 14-008
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 14
| |
| | |
| ^ Oxygen . . .
| |
| | |
| 0
| |
| | |
| 8
| |
| | |
| 16-00
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 16
| |
| | |
| 0 Fluorine .
| |
| | |
| F
| |
| | |
| 9
| |
| | |
| 19-00
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 19
| |
| | |
| ''^ Neon ....
| |
| | |
| Ne
| |
| | |
| 10
| |
| | |
| 20-20
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 20" 22*
| |
| 23
| |
| | |
| oQ Sodium .
| |
| | |
| Na
| |
| | |
| 11
| |
| | |
| 2300
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| ^ Magnesium .
| |
| | |
| Mg
| |
| | |
| 12
| |
| | |
| 24-32*
| |
| | |
| 3
| |
| | |
| 24-=3D 25* 26^
| |
| | |
| Aluminium .
| |
| | |
| Al
| |
| | |
| 13
| |
| | |
| 26-96*
| |
| | |
| _o Silicon
| |
| | |
| Si
| |
| | |
| 14
| |
| | |
| 28-3
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 28" 29* (30)
| |
| | |
| 3 Phosphorus .
| |
| | |
| P
| |
| | |
| 15
| |
| | |
| 31-04
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 31
| |
| | |
| ^ Sulphur . . .
| |
| | |
| s
| |
| | |
| 16
| |
| | |
| 3206
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 32
| |
| | |
| 'S Chlorine . . .
| |
| | |
| CI
| |
| | |
| 17
| |
| | |
| 35-46
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 35" 37* (39)
| |
| | |
| ^ Argon . . .
| |
| | |
| A
| |
| | |
| 18
| |
| | |
| 39-9
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 36* 40"
| |
| 39" 41*
| |
| | |
| Potassium
| |
| | |
| K
| |
| | |
| 19
| |
| | |
| 39-10
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| Calcium .
| |
| | |
| Ca
| |
| | |
| 20
| |
| | |
| 40-07
| |
| | |
| (2)
| |
| | |
| 40 (44)
| |
| | |
| Scandium
| |
| | |
| Sc
| |
| | |
| 21
| |
| | |
| 45-1*
| |
| | |
| Titanium .
| |
| | |
| Ti
| |
| | |
| 22
| |
| | |
| 48-1
| |
| | |
| Vanadium
| |
| | |
| V
| |
| | |
| 23
| |
| | |
| 510
| |
| | |
| 0
| |
| | |
| 2 Chromium .
| |
| | |
| Cr
| |
| | |
| 24
| |
| | |
| 52-0
| |
| | |
| H Manganese .
| |
| | |
| Mn
| |
| | |
| 25
| |
| | |
| 54-93
| |
| | |
| ' Iron ....
| |
| | |
| Fe
| |
| | |
| 26
| |
| | |
| 55-84
| |
| | |
| n
| |
| | |
| ^ Cobalt . . .
| |
| | |
| Co
| |
| | |
| 27
| |
| | |
| 58-97
| |
| | |
| J Nickel
| |
| | |
| Ni
| |
| | |
| 28
| |
| | |
| 58-68
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 58" 60*
| |
| | |
| P
| |
| | |
| n Copper .
| |
| | |
| Cu
| |
| | |
| 29
| |
| | |
| 63-57
| |
| | |
| J
| |
| | |
| =3D Zinc ....
| |
| | |
| Zn
| |
| | |
| 30
| |
| | |
| 65-37
| |
| | |
| (4)
| |
| | |
| (64=C2=B0 66* 68 7O<0
| |
| | |
| * Galliimi . . .
| |
| | |
| Ga
| |
| | |
| 31
| |
| | |
| 70-10
| |
| | |
| Germanivmi .
| |
| | |
| Ge
| |
| | |
| 32
| |
| | |
| 72-5
| |
| | |
| Arsenic .
| |
| | |
| As
| |
| | |
| 33
| |
| | |
| 74-96
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 75
| |
| | |
| Seleniima .
| |
| | |
| Se
| |
| | |
| 34
| |
| | |
| 79-2
| |
| | |
| Bromine .
| |
| | |
| Br
| |
| | |
| 35
| |
| | |
| 79-92
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 79" 81*
| |
| | |
| Krypton .
| |
| | |
| Kr
| |
| | |
| 36
| |
| | |
| 82-92
| |
| | |
| 6
| |
| | |
| 78/ 80 82'^ 83-^ 84=C2=BB
| |
| | |
| 86*
| |
| | |
| APPENDIX I
| |
| | |
| | |
| 143
| |
| | |
| | |
| "S .
| |
| | |
| ^
| |
| | |
| o *^
| |
| | |
| O^i
| |
| | |
| o ^^
| |
| | |
| Element
| |
| | |
| o
| |
| | |
| X!
| |
| | |
| E
| |
| >,
| |
| | |
| 00
| |
| | |
| Masses of Isotopes.
| |
| | |
| Rubidium
| |
| | |
| Rb
| |
| | |
| 37
| |
| | |
| 85-45
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| 85" 87*
| |
| | |
| Strontium
| |
| | |
| Sr
| |
| | |
| 38
| |
| | |
| 87-63
| |
| | |
| Yttrium .
| |
| | |
| Y
| |
| | |
| 39
| |
| | |
| 89-33
| |
| | |
| Zirconium
| |
| | |
| Zr
| |
| | |
| 40
| |
| | |
| 90-6
| |
| | |
| Niobium .
| |
| | |
| Nb
| |
| | |
| 41
| |
| | |
| 93-1
| |
| | |
| 00 Molybdenum
| |
| | |
| Mo
| |
| | |
| 42
| |
| | |
| 96-0
| |
| | |
| *H _ ~
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 43
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| '-' Ruthenium .
| |
| | |
| Ru
| |
| | |
| 44
| |
| | |
| 101-7
| |
| | |
| 'o Rhodium.
| |
| | |
| Rh
| |
| | |
| 45
| |
| | |
| 102-9
| |
| | |
| =C2=A7 Palladium
| |
| | |
| Pd
| |
| | |
| 46
| |
| | |
| 106-7
| |
| | |
| An Silver ....
| |
| | |
| Ag
| |
| | |
| 47
| |
| | |
| 107-88
| |
| | |
| X Cadmium
| |
| | |
| Cd
| |
| | |
| 48
| |
| | |
| 112-40
| |
| | |
| "O Indiimi .
| |
| | |
| In
| |
| | |
| 49
| |
| | |
| 114-8
| |
| | |
| Tin ... .
| |
| | |
| Sn
| |
| | |
| 50
| |
| | |
| 118-7
| |
| | |
| Antimony
| |
| | |
| Sb
| |
| | |
| 51
| |
| | |
| 120-2
| |
| | |
| Tellurium
| |
| | |
| Te
| |
| | |
| 52
| |
| | |
| 127-5
| |
| | |
| Iodine
| |
| | |
| I
| |
| | |
| 53
| |
| | |
| 126-92
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 127
| |
| | |
| L Xenon
| |
| | |
| X
| |
| | |
| 54
| |
| | |
| 130-2
| |
| | |
| (7)5
| |
| | |
| (128) 129" (130) 13P 132=C2=BB
| |
| 134'' 136"
| |
| | |
| Caesium .
| |
| | |
| Cs
| |
| | |
| 55
| |
| | |
| 132-81
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 133
| |
| | |
| Barium .
| |
| | |
| Ba
| |
| | |
| 56
| |
| | |
| 137-37
| |
| | |
| Lanthanum .
| |
| | |
| La
| |
| | |
| 57
| |
| | |
| 139-0
| |
| | |
| Cerium
| |
| | |
| Ce
| |
| | |
| 58
| |
| | |
| 140-25
| |
| | |
| Praseodymium .
| |
| | |
| Pr
| |
| | |
| 59
| |
| | |
| 140-6
| |
| | |
| Neodymiimi .
| |
| | |
| Nd
| |
| | |
| 60
| |
| | |
| 144-3
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 61
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Samarium
| |
| | |
| Sm
| |
| | |
| 62
| |
| | |
| 150-4
| |
| | |
| Europium
| |
| | |
| Eu
| |
| | |
| 63
| |
| | |
| 152-0
| |
| | |
| Gadolinium .
| |
| | |
| Gd
| |
| | |
| 64
| |
| | |
| 157-3
| |
| | |
| Terbium .
| |
| | |
| Tb
| |
| | |
| 65
| |
| | |
| 159-2
| |
| | |
| Dysprosium .
| |
| | |
| Ds
| |
| | |
| 66
| |
| | |
| 162-5
| |
| | |
| c
| |
| | |
| 5 Holmium
| |
| | |
| Ho
| |
| | |
| 67
| |
| | |
| 163-5
| |
| | |
| J, Erbium .
| |
| | |
| Er
| |
| | |
| 68
| |
| | |
| 167-7
| |
| | |
| =C2=B0 Thulium . . .
| |
| | |
| Tu
| |
| | |
| 69
| |
| | |
| 168-5
| |
| | |
| 1 Ytterbiiun . .
| |
| | |
| Yb
| |
| | |
| 70
| |
| | |
| 173-5
| |
| | |
| 'C Lutecuim
| |
| | |
| Lu
| |
| | |
| 71
| |
| | |
| 175
| |
| | |
| Pm (Keltium) . .
| |
| | |
| (Kt)
| |
| | |
| 72
| |
| | |
| ji Tantalum
| |
| | |
| Ta
| |
| | |
| 73
| |
| | |
| 181-5
| |
| | |
| <=C2=BB Tungsten.
| |
| | |
| W
| |
| | |
| 74
| |
| | |
| 1840
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| 75
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Osmium .
| |
| | |
| Os
| |
| | |
| 76
| |
| | |
| 190-9
| |
| | |
| Iridium .
| |
| | |
| Ir
| |
| | |
| 77
| |
| | |
| 193-1
| |
| | |
| Platinimi .
| |
| | |
| Pt
| |
| | |
| 78
| |
| | |
| 195-2
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| Gold ....
| |
| | |
| Au
| |
| | |
| 79
| |
| | |
| 197-2
| |
| | |
| Mercury .
| |
| | |
| Hg
| |
| | |
| 80
| |
| | |
| 200-6
| |
| | |
| (6)
| |
| | |
| (197-200) 202 204
| |
| | |
| Thallium . . .
| |
| | |
| Tl
| |
| | |
| 81
| |
| | |
| 204-0
| |
| | |
| IV
| |
| | |
| Lead ....
| |
| | |
| Pb
| |
| | |
| 82
| |
| | |
| 207-2
| |
| | |
| XI
| |
| | |
| Bismuth .
| |
| | |
| Bi
| |
| | |
| 83
| |
| | |
| 209-0*
| |
| | |
| V
| |
| | |
| Poloniuna
| |
| | |
| Po
| |
| | |
| 84
| |
| 85
| |
| | |
| z
| |
| | |
| VII
| |
| | |
| L Emanation
| |
| | |
| Em
| |
| | |
| 86
| |
| | |
| 222-0
| |
| | |
| III
| |
| | |
| i
| |
| | |
| 87
| |
| | |
| .2 Radium .
| |
| =C2=AE Actinium.
| |
| | |
| Ra
| |
| | |
| 88
| |
| | |
| 226-0
| |
| | |
| IV
| |
| | |
| Ac
| |
| | |
| 89
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| II
| |
| | |
| ^ Thorium . . .
| |
| | |
| Th
| |
| | |
| 90
| |
| | |
| 23215
| |
| | |
| VI
| |
| | |
| ^ Uranium X .
| |
| | |
| UX
| |
| | |
| 91
| |
| | |
| II
| |
| | |
| t_ Uranium
| |
| | |
| Ur
| |
| | |
| 92
| |
| | |
| 238-2
| |
| | |
| II
| |
| | |
| ==APPENDIX II==
| |
| | |
| The Periodic Table of the Elements. The atomic numbers ar=
| |
| e given in
| |
| bold type, the atomic weights in italics and the isotopes, where =
| |
| known, in
| |
| ordinary numerals. The roman ntmierals indicate the chemical groups and
| |
| the most important associated valencies are given below them. Elem=
| |
| ents
| |
| are placed to the left or to the right of the columns according=
| |
| to their chemical
| |
| properties, those in the same vertical line as each other have s=
| |
| trong chemical
| |
| similarities. The Rare Earth group is surrounded by a thick line.=
| |
| Elements
| |
| 59-72 have no properties pronounced enough to give them definite =
| |
| places
| |
| in the table. The properties of the missing elements can be p=
| |
| redicted with
| |
| | |
| PERIODIC TABLE OF
| |
| | |
| | |
| IH
| |
| | |
| 1-008
| |
| | |
| | |
| Valency
| |
| | |
| 0
| |
| | |
| I
| |
| | |
| + 1
| |
| | |
| II
| |
| | |
| + 2
| |
| | |
| III
| |
| | |
| + 3
| |
| | |
| IV
| |
| | |
| + 4
| |
| | |
| 2 He
| |
| | |
| 4-00
| |
| 4
| |
| | |
| 3 Li
| |
| | |
| 6-94
| |
| 6, 7
| |
| | |
| 4 Be
| |
| | |
| 9-1
| |
| | |
| 9
| |
| | |
| 5B
| |
| 10-9
| |
| 10, 11
| |
| | |
| 60
| |
| | |
| 12-00
| |
| 12
| |
| | |
| 10 Ne
| |
| | |
| 20-2
| |
| 20, 22
| |
| | |
| 11 Na
| |
| | |
| 23-00
| |
| 23
| |
| | |
| 12 Mg
| |
| | |
| 24-32
| |
| | |
| 24, 25, 26
| |
| | |
| 13 AI
| |
| | |
| 26-96
| |
| | |
| 14 Si
| |
| 28-3
| |
| 28,29
| |
| | |
| 18 A
| |
| | |
| 39-9
| |
| 36, 40
| |
| | |
| 19 K
| |
| | |
| 39-1
| |
| 39, 41
| |
| | |
| 29 Cu
| |
| | |
| 63-57
| |
| | |
| 20 Ca
| |
| | |
| 40-07
| |
| | |
| 30 Zn
| |
| | |
| 65-37
| |
| | |
| 21 Sc
| |
| 45-1
| |
| | |
| 31 G
| |
| | |
| 70-1
| |
| | |
| 22 Ti
| |
| 48-1
| |
| | |
| 32 Ge
| |
| | |
| 72-5
| |
| | |
| 36 Kr
| |
| | |
| 82-92
| |
| | |
| 78, 80, 82, 83,
| |
| 84, 86
| |
| | |
| 37 Rb
| |
| | |
| 85-45
| |
| | |
| 85, 87
| |
| | |
| 47 Ag
| |
| 107-88
| |
| | |
| 38 Sr
| |
| | |
| 87-83
| |
| | |
| 48 Cd
| |
| 112-40
| |
| | |
| 39 Y
| |
| | |
| 89-33
| |
| | |
| 49 In
| |
| | |
| 114-8
| |
| | |
| 40 Zr
| |
| | |
| 90-6
| |
| | |
| 50 Sn
| |
| | |
| 118-7
| |
| | |
| 54 Xe
| |
| | |
| 130-2
| |
| | |
| 129, 131, 132,
| |
| 134, 136
| |
| | |
| 55 Cs
| |
| | |
| 132-81
| |
| | |
| 133
| |
| | |
| 56 Ba
| |
| | |
| 137-37
| |
| | |
| 57 La 58 Ce
| |
| 139-0 140-25
| |
| | |
| 59 Pr eONd 61 62 Sm 63 Eu =
| |
| 64 Gd 65 Tb
| |
| 140-6 144-3 150-4 152-0 =
| |
| 157-3 159-2
| |
| | |
| 66 Ds 67 Ho 68 Ev 69 Tu 70 Yb 7=
| |
| 1 Lu 72 (Kt)
| |
| 162-5 163-5 1677 168-5 173-5 =
| |
| 175
| |
| | |
| 79 Au
| |
| | |
| 197-2
| |
| | |
| 80 Hg
| |
| | |
| 200-6
| |
| 197-204
| |
| | |
| 81 Tl
| |
| | |
| 204-0
| |
| | |
| 82 Pb
| |
| | |
| 207-2
| |
| | |
| 86 Em
| |
| | |
| 222-0
| |
| | |
| 87-
| |
| | |
| 88 Ra
| |
| | |
| 226-0
| |
| | |
| 89 Ac
| |
| | |
| 90 Th
| |
| | |
| 232-15
| |
| | |
| 144
| |
| | |
| considerable certainty from the positions of their atomic numbers. From
| |
| the point of view of the construction of the atom the inert gas=
| |
| es should mark
| |
| the end of the periods as they are shown to do ua the hst of =
| |
| atomic weights
| |
| in Appendix I, on the other hand it is more usual in chemistry =
| |
| to start with
| |
| valency 0. From principles of general convenience of arrangement t=
| |
| he
| |
| latter plan is adopted in this table, which is intended to give =
| |
| the maximum
| |
| amount of chemical information. Hydrogen, which belongs equally wel=
| |
| l
| |
| to group I or group VII, is best omitted from the. table altoget=
| |
| her.
| |
| | |
| THE ELEMENTS
| |
| | |
| | |
| V
| |
| | |
| VI
| |
| | |
| VII
| |
| | |
| VIII
| |
| | |
| 3
| |
| | |
| 2
| |
| | |
| -
| |
| | |
| -1
| |
| | |
| 7N
| |
| | |
| 80
| |
| | |
| 9F
| |
| | |
| 14-01
| |
| | |
| 16-00
| |
| | |
| 1900
| |
| | |
| 14
| |
| | |
| 16
| |
| | |
| 19
| |
| | |
| 15 P
| |
| | |
| 16 S
| |
| | |
| 17 CI
| |
| | |
| 31-04
| |
| | |
| 32-06
| |
| | |
| 35-46
| |
| | |
| 31
| |
| | |
| 32
| |
| | |
| 35, 37
| |
| | |
| 23 V
| |
| | |
| 24 Cr
| |
| | |
| 25 Mn
| |
| | |
| 26 Fe
| |
| | |
| 27 Co
| |
| | |
| 28 Ni
| |
| | |
| Sl-O
| |
| | |
| 33 As
| |
| | |
| 74-96
| |
| 75
| |
| | |
| 52-0
| |
| | |
| 34 Se
| |
| | |
| 79-2
| |
| | |
| 54-93
| |
| | |
| 35 Br
| |
| | |
| 79-92
| |
| 79, 81
| |
| | |
| 55-85
| |
| | |
| 58-97
| |
| | |
| 58-68
| |
| 58.60
| |
| | |
| 41 Nb
| |
| | |
| 42 Mo
| |
| | |
| 43
| |
| | |
| 44 Ru
| |
| | |
| 45 Rh
| |
| | |
| 46 Pd
| |
| | |
| 93-5
| |
| | |
| 51 Sb
| |
| 120-2
| |
| | |
| 96-0
| |
| | |
| 52 Te
| |
| 127-5
| |
| | |
| 531
| |
| | |
| 126-92
| |
| 127
| |
| | |
| 101-7
| |
| | |
| 102-9
| |
| | |
| 106-7
| |
| | |
| 73 Ta
| |
| | |
| 74 W
| |
| | |
| 7&-
| |
| | |
| 76 0a
| |
| | |
| 77 Ir
| |
| | |
| 78 Pt
| |
| | |
| 181-5
| |
| | |
| 83 Bi
| |
| | |
| 209-0
| |
| | |
| 184-0
| |
| | |
| 84 Po
| |
| | |
| 85
| |
| | |
| 190-9
| |
| | |
| 1931
| |
| | |
| 195-2
| |
| | |
| 91 UX
| |
| | |
| ii
| |
| | |
| 92 U
| |
| | |
| 238-2
| |
| | |
| 145
| |
| | |
| Recent results obtained by Dempster. Thanks to a private=
| |
| | |
| communication the writer is able to include some further results=
| |
| | |
| obtained by Dempster and a diagram of his apparatus for obtaining=
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 19. Diagram of Anode in Dempster's latest apparatus.=
| |
| | |
| | |
| positive rays from metals. A full account is to appear in the
| |
| Physical Review. Fig. 19 shows the new arrangement of
| |
| vaporising furnace A and ionising filament C. The analysing
| |
| apparatus has already been described on p, 31 and the results wi=
| |
| th
| |
| | |
| | |
| .4F
| |
| | |
| | |
| 5-9
| |
| | |
| | |
| f
| |
| | |
| '
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| k
| |
| | |
| Lithium.
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| )
| |
| | |
| J
| |
| | |
| [
| |
| | |
| <=3D/
| |
| | |
| v..
| |
| | |
| ^^
| |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| K
| |
| | |
| 9
| |
| | |
| 30
| |
| | |
| | |
| ZO
| |
| | |
| | |
| 10
| |
| | |
| | |
| 60
| |
| | |
| | |
| 6-1
| |
| | |
| | |
| 6-9
| |
| | |
| Atomic Weight.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 7-0
| |
| | |
| | |
| 7-1
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 20. Curve for Lithium.
| |
| 146
| |
| | |
| ==APPENDIX III==
| |
| | |
| | |
| 147
| |
| | |
| | |
| magnesium on p. 81. Fig. 20 shows one of the curves obtained
| |
| with lithium. It will be seen that the relative intensities of t=
| |
| he
| |
| isotopes is entirely different from that found by the writer (p. =
| |
| 86)
| |
| and also disagrees very definitely with the chemical atomic weight=
| |
| .
| |
| Dempster describes these relative intensities as varying very
| |
| considerably. This is a most remarkable phenomenon and further
| |
| information upon it is very desirable. There seems just a possibi=
| |
| lity
| |
| that the 6 line is enhanced by doubly charged carbon but it is =
| |
| not
| |
| easy to see where such particles could be produced.
| |
| | |
| l/oltS 943 928 913-5 899-5 886 873 860 847-5=
| |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| J
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| Zinc.
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| t
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| f
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| r
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| \i
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| I
| |
| | |
| /
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| =C2=AE
| |
| | |
| l/
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| 1
| |
| | |
| i^
| |
| | |
| \
| |
| | |
| ^^
| |
| | |
| 62 63 64 65 66 67
| |
| Atomic Weight.
| |
| | |
| Fig. 21. Curve for Zinc.
| |
| | |
| | |
| 68 69
| |
| | |
| | |
| 70
| |
| | |
| | |
| Fig. 21 gives a remarkable curve obtained from zinc. This
| |
| indicates three strong isotopes and a faint fourth. The absolute=
| |
| | |
| scale of atomic weight is not known with certainty, and the valu=
| |
| es
| |
| 63, 65, 67, 69 are given by Dempster as those in best agreement=
| |
| | |
| with the atomic weight 65-37. Considering that the error in th=
| |
| e
| |
| | |
| | |
| 148 APPENDIX III
| |
| | |
| mean atomic weight of lithium, when calculated on these lines,
| |
| is about 5 per cent, it would appear possible that these might =
| |
| be a
| |
| unit too high or too low. The probability of this is strengthene=
| |
| d
| |
| very much by the rule given on p. 110 connecting even atomic
| |
| number with even atomic weight.
| |
| | |
| Results with calcium show only one line. This makes it extremely=
| |
| | |
| probable that this is a simple element of atomic weight 40 and=
| |
| | |
| therefore an isobare of argon. ^
| |
| | |
| Note. In a still later communication Dempster states that =
| |
| he
| |
| has been successful in using an anode of calcium to which a sma=
| |
| U
| |
| quantity of zinc had been added. By this means he is able to
| |
| compare the masses of the zinc isotopes with the strong calcium=
| |
| | |
| maximum, assumed as 40. This gives the atomic weights as 64,
| |
| 66, 68 and 70. The intensities are quite different to those in =
| |
| the
| |
| curve given above for zinc. 64 is now the strongest, 66 and 68=
| |
| | |
| fainter, while 70 is very faint indeed. No explanation is yet
| |
| advanced for these remarkable irregularities in relative intensity.=
| |
| | |
| | |
| He has also observed a small maximum at 44 invariably accom-
| |
| panying the strong calcium maximum 40. This he considers to be
| |
| probably due to an isotope of that element present in smaU quant=
| |
| ity
| |
| as suggested by the atomic weight 40 07.
| |
| | |
| The above values are included provisionally in the tables on
| |
| pages 89 and 142.
| |
| | |
| " V. p. 88.
| |
| | |
| | |
| ==INDEX==
| |
| | |
| | |
| Abnormal hydrides, 98
| |
| | |
| Abundance of the elements, 111
| |
| | |
| Accuracy of mass-spectrograph, 60
| |
| | |
| Actinivim chain, 14, 15
| |
| | |
| Additive law of mass, 99
| |
| | |
| Alkali metals, mass-spectra of, 83
| |
| | |
| Alpha ray changes, 13
| |
| | |
| Analysis of the elements, 63
| |
| | |
| Andrade and Rutherford, 11
| |
| | |
| Anode, composite, 80, 86
| |
| hot, 80, 83, 84
| |
| | |
| Anticathode, silica, 48
| |
| | |
| Antimony, 78
| |
| | |
| Argon, 66
| |
| | |
| Aronbeeg, 123
| |
| | |
| ,, and Harkins, 124
| |
| | |
| Atmolysis, separation by, 127
| |
| | |
| Atomic number, 13, 93
| |
| theory, 2
| |
| ,, volume of isotopes, 18
| |
| weights, tables of, 89, 141
| |
| weights of radio -elements, 13,
| |
| 141
| |
| | |
| Atoms, structure of, 90
| |
| | |
| Balke, Owens and Kremers, 142
| |
| Barkla, 93
| |
| | |
| Batuecas and Moles, 141
| |
| Baxter and Hodges, 142
| |
| and Parsons, 113
| |
| and Starkweather, 141
| |
| and Wilson, 142
| |
| Tani and Chapin, 142
| |
| Weatherell and Holmes,
| |
| 73, 142
| |
| Beryllium, 88
| |
| Beta ray change, 13
| |
| Bohr, 94, 95, 121, 122, 123
| |
| | |
| ,, atom, 95
| |
| BOLTWOOD, 1, 7
| |
| Boron, 72
| |
| | |
| anomalous atomic weight of,
| |
| | |
| 114
| |
| trifluoride, 73
| |
| Bracketing, method of, 59, 69
| |
| Brauner and Krepelka, 141
| |
| Broek, Van den, 93, 94, 116
| |
| Bromine, 76
| |
| | |
| | |
| Bronsted and Hevesy, 135, 136, 139
| |
| | |
| Brosslera, 102, 104
| |
| | |
| Bruylants and Michielson, 142
| |
| | |
| Caesium, 87
| |
| | |
| ,, anomalous atomic weight
| |
| of, 114
| |
| Calcium, 88, 148
| |
| Calibration curve, 55
| |
| Camera of mass-spectrograph, 51
| |
| | |
| positive ray, 26
| |
| Canalstrahlen, 22
| |
| Carbon, 63
| |
| | |
| Carnotite, lead from, 124
| |
| Cathode rays, 22, 24
| |
| Chadwick, 94
| |
| | |
| and Rutherford, 103
| |
| | |
| Chapin, Baxter and Tani, 142
| |
| Chapman, 130
| |
| | |
| and DooTSON, 130
| |
| Chemical action, separation by, 133
| |
| law of radioactive change,
| |
| 11
| |
| Chlorine, 65, 113
| |
| | |
| separation of the isotopes
| |
| of, 136
| |
| Classen, 31
| |
| | |
| and Wey, 142
| |
| Claude, 35
| |
| Cleveite, lead from, 17
| |
| Coincidence, method of, 57
| |
| Composite anode, 80, 86
| |
| Constancy of chemical atomic weights,
| |
| | |
| 22
| |
| Cosmical effect of change of mass, 103
| |
| Crookes, 3, 4, 24, 115, 117
| |
| ,, dark space, 24, 35
| |
| theory of the evolution of
| |
| elements, 117
| |
| Curie, Mlle. I., 113
| |
| M., 18
| |
| | |
| Dalton's hypothesis, 2
| |
| Darwin, 15
| |
| | |
| Davies and Horton, 68
| |
| Deflection of positive rays, 27
| |
| Dempster, 31, 80, 81, 86, 114, 146
| |
| | |
| | |
| 149
| |
| | |
| | |
| 150
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| Dempster's method of analysis, 31,146
| |
| Density balance, 35
| |
| | |
| ,, of isotopic leads, 17, 18
| |
| Diffusion of neon, 39
| |
| | |
| separation by, 127
| |
| velocity, determination of,
| |
| 20
| |
| Disintegration theory of the evolu-
| |
| tion of elements, 116
| |
| Distillation of neon, 37
| |
| Distribution of lines on mass-
| |
| | |
| spectrum, 64
| |
| DooTSON and Chapman, 130
| |
| Du Bois magnet, 61
| |
| | |
| Eddington, 104
| |
| | |
| Einstein's theory of relativity, 103
| |
| Electrical theory of matter, 90
| |
| Electric discharge in gases, 23
| |
| | |
| ,, field of mass-spectrograph,
| |
| 50
| |
| Electricity as an element, 115
| |
| Electrochemical properties of isotopes,
| |
| | |
| 10
| |
| Electron, the, 91
| |
| | |
| Element, meaning of the word, 115
| |
| Enskog, 130
| |
| Epstein, 95
| |
| ExNER and Haschek, 121
| |
| | |
| Fa JANS, 11
| |
| | |
| First order lines, 61
| |
| | |
| Fleck, 12
| |
| | |
| Fluorine, 72, 97
| |
| | |
| Focussing positive rays, 44
| |
| | |
| FOWLEB, 123
| |
| | |
| and Aston, 45
| |
| Fractional distillation, separation by,
| |
| | |
| 133
| |
| Fbanck and Knipping, 68
| |
| | |
| Gehrcke, 102
| |
| | |
| ,, and Reichenheim, 80, 83,
| |
| 88
| |
| Geigek and Nuttall, 10, 13
| |
| Goldstein, 22
| |
| Gravitation effect on spectra, 121
| |
| | |
| separation by, 131
| |
| Groh and Hevesy, 20, 135
| |
| | |
| Hahn, 8
| |
| | |
| and Meitner, 8
| |
| Halation effect, 60
| |
| Half-tone plates, 25
| |
| Hall and Harkins, 116
| |
| Harkins, 102, 111, 116, 129
| |
| | |
| and Aronberg, 124
| |
| | |
| and Hall, 116
| |
| | |
| ,, and Wilson, 116
| |
| Haschek and Exner, 121
| |
| Helium, 67, 69, 106
| |
| | |
| | |
| Hevesy, 10, 12, 19
| |
| | |
| and Bronsted, 136, 136,
| |
| | |
| 139
| |
| and Groh, 20, 135
| |
| and Paneth, 11
| |
| and Zechmeisteb, 20
| |
| Hodges and Baxter, 142
| |
| Holmes, Baxteb and Weathebell,
| |
| | |
| 73, 141
| |
| Honigschmid, 17, 18, 141, 142
| |
| | |
| and Horovitz, 18,
| |
| | |
| 121
| |
| Horovitz and Honigschmid, 18, 121
| |
| HoBTON and Davies, 68
| |
| Hot anode, 80, 83, 84
| |
| Hydrochloric acid, diffusion of, 129
| |
| Hydrogen, 67, 69, 106
| |
| Hyman and Soddy, 17, 121
| |
| | |
| Ibbs, 130
| |
| | |
| Imes, 125, 126
| |
| | |
| Indicators, radioactive, 19
| |
| | |
| Infra-red spectrum of isotopes, 125
| |
| | |
| Intensity of positive rays, 44
| |
| | |
| Iodine, 78
| |
| | |
| Ionic dissociation theory, proof of, 20
| |
| | |
| lonisation in discharge tube, 24
| |
| | |
| Ionium, 1, 7, 9, 18
| |
| | |
| ,, atomic weight of, 18
| |
| Isobares, 12, 13, 97, 110
| |
| Isotopes, definition of, 12
| |
| | |
| diagrams of, 97
| |
| | |
| discovery of, 5
| |
| | |
| melting point of, 18
| |
| | |
| refractive index of, 18
| |
| | |
| separation of, 127
| |
| | |
| solubility of, 18
| |
| | |
| table of, 89, 141
| |
| | |
| James and Stewabt, 142
| |
| JoLY and Poole, 133
| |
| | |
| Keetman, 7
| |
| | |
| Kernel of atom, 98
| |
| | |
| Kibchoff, 116
| |
| | |
| Knipping and Franck, 68
| |
| | |
| kohlweiler, 116
| |
| | |
| Kratzer, 126
| |
| | |
| Kremers, Owens and Balke, 142
| |
| | |
| Krepelka and Bbaun, 141
| |
| | |
| ,, and RiCHABDS, 141
| |
| | |
| Krypton, 70
| |
| | |
| ,, anomalous atomic weight
| |
| of, 114
| |
| | |
| Landaueb and Wendt, 70
| |
| Langmuib, 95, 96, 99
| |
| Lead, atomic weight of, 16
| |
| | |
| ,, from carnotite, 124
| |
| | |
| ,, from thorite, 17
| |
| | |
| isotopes of, 14, 15
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| 15)
| |
| | |
| | |
| Lembert and Richards, 17, 121
| |
| Lewis-Langmuir atom, 95
| |
| LmDEMANN, 102, 124, 134, 139
| |
| | |
| ,, and Aston, 131
| |
| | |
| Lines of first and second order, 61, 76
| |
| | |
| of reference, 55, 64
| |
| Lithium, 86, 97, 146
| |
| LooMis, 125, 126
| |
| | |
| LUDLAM, 129
| |
| | |
| McAxpiNE and Willard, 142
| |
| | |
| Magnesimn, 80
| |
| | |
| Magnetic field of mass-spectrograph,
| |
| | |
| 51
| |
| Marckwald, 7, 8
| |
| Mass, change of, 100
| |
| | |
| deduced from parabolas, 28
| |
| | |
| deduced from mass -spectrum,
| |
| 55
| |
| Mass-spectrograph, 43
| |
| Mass-spectrum, 47, 54
| |
| Measurement of lines on mass-
| |
| | |
| spectrum, 59
| |
| Meitner, 21
| |
| | |
| ,, and Hahn, 8
| |
| Melting point of isotopes, 18
| |
| Mercury, 72, 80
| |
| | |
| parabolas of, 30
| |
| | |
| separation of the isotopes
| |
| of, 134
| |
| Merton, 121, 123, 124, 125
| |
| Mesothorium, 8, 10
| |
| Meta-elements, 4
| |
| | |
| Metallic elements, mass-spectra of, 80
| |
| Meteoric nickel, 113
| |
| MiCHiELSON and Bruylants, 142
| |
| Microbalance for density, 35
| |
| MiLLIKAN, 22, 91
| |
| | |
| Molecular lines of second order, 75
| |
| Moles and Batuecas, 141
| |
| MOSELEY, 11, 93, 115
| |
| Mtjller, 142
| |
| Multiply charged rays, 30
| |
| | |
| Natural numbers and atomic weights,
| |
| | |
| 111
| |
| Negatively charged rays, 29, 62
| |
| Negative mass-spectra, 62, 66
| |
| Neon, 1, 33, 64, 97
| |
| Neuberger, 21
| |
| Nickel, 79
| |
| | |
| meteoric, 113
| |
| Nitrogen, 67, 110
| |
| Nomenclature of isotopes, 61
| |
| Nucleus atom, 10, 92, 97, 125
| |
| | |
| structure of, 101
| |
| Ntjttall and Geiger, 10, 13
| |
| | |
| Order, lines of first and second, 61
| |
| Owens, Balke and Kremers, 142
| |
| Oxygen, 63
| |
| | |
| | |
| Packing effect, 100
| |
| Paneth and Hevesy, 11
| |
| Parabola method of analysis, 25
| |
| Parsons and Baxter, 113
| |
| Perforated electrodes, 22, 24
| |
| Periodic law, 11, 12, 34
| |
| | |
| table of the elements, 144,
| |
| 145
| |
| Period of radio-elements, 13
| |
| Perrin, 104
| |
| Phosphonas, 77
| |
| | |
| Photochemical separation, 137
| |
| Photographic plates for positive rays,
| |
| | |
| 25
| |
| Planck's quantum, 95
| |
| Planetary electrons, 92
| |
| Poole, 133
| |
| | |
| and JoLY, 133
| |
| Positive ray paraljolas, 28
| |
| | |
| rays, 22
| |
| | |
| separation by, 136
| |
| | |
| Potassium, 87
| |
| Pressure diffusion, 131
| |
| Proton, the, 92
| |
| Protyle, 90, 118
| |
| Prout's hypothesis, 2, 90, 100
| |
| | |
| | |
| Radioactive isotopes, 7, 14
| |
| | |
| classification of,
| |
| | |
| 21
| |
| transformations, 13, 14,
| |
| | |
| 15
| |
| Radium B and lead, 11
| |
| D and lead, 11
| |
| Ramsay, 115
| |
| | |
| and Collie, 39
| |
| and Travers, 33
| |
| Ratner, 24
| |
| Rayleigh, 127
| |
| Reference lines, 55, 64
| |
| Refractive index of isotopes, 18
| |
| Reichenheim and Gehrcke, 80, 83,
| |
| | |
| 88
| |
| Renz, 139
| |
| | |
| Resolving power of mass-spectro-
| |
| graph, 60
| |
| Richards 17
| |
| | |
| and Krepelka, 141
| |
| and Lembert, 17, 121
| |
| and Wads WORTH, 17
| |
| Richardson, 85
| |
| Rossi and Russell, 9, 120
| |
| Rubidium, 87
| |
| Russell, U
| |
| | |
| and Rossi, 9, 120
| |
| Rutherford, Sir E., 7, 9, 13, 92, 93,
| |
| 102
| |
| and Chadwick, 103
| |
| | |
| and Andrade, 11
| |
| | |
| Rydberg, 141
| |
| | |
| | |
| 162
| |
| | |
| | |
| INDEX
| |
| | |
| | |
| SCHUTZENBERGER, 3
| |
| | |
| Screens, willemite, 25
| |
| | |
| Secondary rays, 29
| |
| | |
| Second order, lines of the, 61
| |
| | |
| Selenium, 77
| |
| | |
| Separation of isotopes, 127
| |
| | |
| Silicon, 72
| |
| | |
| fluoride, 74
| |
| Skaupy, 139
| |
| | |
| Slit system of mass-spectrograph, 49
| |
| Smith and Van Haagen, 72
| |
| SoDDY, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17,
| |
| 35
| |
| | |
| and Hyman, 17, 121
| |
| Sodium, 86
| |
| Solubility of isotopes, 18
| |
| | |
| SOMMERFEIiD, 95
| |
| | |
| Spectra of isotopes, 9, 121,
| |
| | |
| Spectrum lines, form of, 53
| |
| | |
| Spencer, 91
| |
| | |
| Starkweather and Baxter, 141
| |
| | |
| Stas, 91
| |
| | |
| Statistical relation of isotopes, 109
| |
| | |
| Stewart, 11, 12
| |
| | |
| and James, 142
| |
| Sulphur, 76
| |
| | |
| Tani, Baxter and Chapin, 142
| |
| Tellurium, 77
| |
| Thermal diffusion, 129
| |
| Third order line of argon, 67
| |
| | |
| lines of, 61
| |
| | |
| Thomson, G. P., 86, 88
| |
| | |
| Sir J. J., 1, 22, 29, 33, 62,
| |
| 70, 72, 75, 84, 91, 129
| |
| Thorite, 17, 18
| |
| Thorium, 7, 9, 14, 15, 18, 120
| |
| | |
| | |
| Thorium, chain, 17, 18, 116
| |
| | |
| ,, atomic weight of, 18
| |
| | |
| Tin, 78
| |
| Travers, 39
| |
| | |
| and Ramsay, 33
| |
| Triatomic hydrogen, 70
| |
| | |
| Unitary theory of matter, 90
| |
| Uranium, 10, 120
| |
| ,, chain, 15
| |
| | |
| Valency electrons, 98
| |
| | |
| Van Haagen and Smith, 72
| |
| | |
| Wadsworth and Richards, 17
| |
| Watson, 33
| |
| | |
| and Aston, 24, 35
| |
| Weatherell, Baxter and Holmes,
| |
| | |
| 73, 141
| |
| Welsbach, 8
| |
| | |
| Wendt and Landaueb, 70
| |
| Wey and Classen, 142
| |
| Whole number rule, 90
| |
| WiEN, 22
| |
| | |
| WiLLARD and McAlpine, 142
| |
| Willemite screens, 25
| |
| Wilson and Baxter, 142
| |
| and Harkins, 116
| |
| | |
| Xenon, 70
| |
| :anomalous atomic weight of, 114
| |
| X-ray spectra of isotopes, 1 1
| |
| | |
| Zechmeister and Hevesy, 20
| |
| Zinc, 147
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==Sub Pages== |
| | {{Special:PrefixIndex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/}} |
|
| |
|
| [[category:reference]] | | [[category:reference]] |